lingustic
language
definition
verbal communication
a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
共有性；稳定性；符号性
design features
1.arbitariness
2.duality
3.creativity
来源于duality & recursiveness递归性
4.displacement
stimulus-free
function
1.informative
2.interpersonal
3.performative施为行为可以改变人的社会地位
4.emotive
5.phatic寒暄
6.recreational
7.matelingual元语言
Second language acquisition<br>二语习得
hypothesis
acquisition-learning
input
affective filter
motivation+confidence+anxiety
natural order
teacher-learning syllabus；student-acquisition syllabus
monitor
over-user；under-user；optimal
output
interaction
interlanguage中介语
fossilization僵化
inadequacy不完备性/instability/systematicity
native language
positive/negative transfer(interference)
error analysis
contrastive
error
<b>interlingual</b>语际-本族语/<b>intralingual</b>语内-不完全学习(overgeneralization,cross-association联想混淆)
omission,addition,double marking,misformation,misordering
syllabus
1.structural
2.functional-notional功能-意念
3.task-based
4.content-based
5.skill-based
6.genre-based体裁型
专门用途英语ESP 学术英语EAP
tolerance ofambiguity
view of language
1.structural
the audio-lingual method;total physical response;the silent way
2.functional
communicative approach;natural approach
3.interactional
task-based language learning
theory
1.behaviorist
stimulus-response-reinforcement
2.cognitive
language acquisition device;congnitive approach;universal grammar
3.constructive
branch
microlinguistics
1.Phonetics语音学
speech sounds
i.articulatory 发音
production
ii.acoustic 声学
transmission
iii.auditory 听觉
perception
category
Vowel
monophthong+diphthong
2.Phonology音系学
distribution,sequencing,syllables
*complementary distribution互补分布
*<b>minimal pair</b>最小对立对：除了出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合
i.assimilation
nasalization/dentalization/velarization软腭化/devoicing清音化
ii.phonological rules
iii.distinctive features
*suprasegmentals超音段
syllable音节=rhyme韵基(nucleus节核+coda节尾)+onset节首
stress
intonation
tone
3.Morphology形态学
morpheme语素
free 能独立构词
bound 曲折+派生
inflection
compound
derivation
root/affix(prefix-infix-suffix)/stem
inflectional affix
不改变词类 toy-toys
derivational affix
改变原义 small-smallness
allomorph语素变体
word class词类
category
1.variable words & invariable words
2.grammatical words(function) & lexical words(content)
3.closed-class & open-class
词汇变化
blending
缩写
clipping
omission
initialism分别拼读/acronym组成单词拼读
contraction
subsitution
back-formation逆构词法：去掉假想的后缀构成新词
analogical creation类推构词法
≠overgeneralization
borrowing
4.Syntax句法学
syntactic relations
1.position relation(horizontal/chain)
2.relation of substitutability(associative/paradigmatic)
3.relation of co-occurrence
grammatical construction and its constituents
1.immediate constituent analysis
tree diagram+bracketing括号法
2.endocentric construction向心(subordination从属/coordination并列) / exocentric construction离心
category
number
singular,dual,plural
gender
case
agreement/concord一致/协同关系
recursiveness递归性
conjoining连接/embedding嵌入
cohesion(reference/substitution/ellipsis/conjunction/lexical cohesion) / coherence
5.Semantics语义学
meaning
<b>denotative外延 / connotative内涵</b>
conceptual,connotative,social,affective,reflected,collocative搭配,thematic主位)
referential theory
the semantic triangle:concept+word+thing
sense涵义 reference指称(具体实体)
sense relations:sameness+oppositeness+inclusiveness
words
1.synonymy
dialectal,stylistic文体,emotive,collocational,semantic
2.antonymy
gradable,complementary,converse
3.hyponymy上下义
superordinate上坐标词+hyponym下义词
4.homonymy同形/同音异义
5.polysemy一词多义
sentences
1.synonymous
2.inconsistent对立
3.entails蕴涵
4.presuppose预设
5.contradiction自相矛盾
6.semantically anomalous语义反常
componential analysis
6.Pragmatics语用学
context语境
speech act theory
performative施为 / constative叙事
locutionary发话/illocutionary行事/perlocutionary取效
indirect speech act
assertives/representatives断言,directives指示,commissives承诺,expressive,declaration宣告
the theory of conversational implicature
cooperative principle
the maxim of quantity/quality/relation/manner
feature
calculability可推导性/cancellability(defeasibility)/non-detachability/non-conventionality非常规性
7.rhetoric修辞学
phonological rhetorical devices
onomatopoeia拟声/assonance类韵/alliteration头韵/end rhyme/reverse end rhyme
semantic rhetorical devices
simile明喻/metaphor隐喻/metonymy转喻/synecdoche提喻/pun双关/transferred epithet移就/personification<br>hyperbole夸张/irony反语/sarcasm讽刺/oxymoron矛盾修饰/allusion引喻典故/paradox/understatement含蓄
syntactical rhetorical devices
parallelism平行/antithesis对照/repetition/climax层递/anti-climax突降
macrolinguistics
1.Psycholinguitics心理语言学
2.Sociolingutics社会语言学
speech community
language varieties语言变体
standard language
dialect
regional/sociolect/temporal/idiolect/ethnic
register语域
field语场+tenor语旨+mode语式
pidgin & creole
slang俚语/linguistic taboo/euphemism委婉语
diglossia双语现象/bilingualism双语制/multilingualism多语制
empathy
important<br>difference
1.descriptive描写式 & presciptive规定式
2.synchronic共时 & diachronic历时
3.langue-linguistic competence语言能力 & parole言语-data语料
4.competence语言能力-underlying knowledge & performance语言运用-actual use
teaching
grammar-translation method
<b>阅读</b>原著名著；不注重口语；母语教学
direct method
<b>直观</b>教具；不用母语；不注重语法；背现成句子；强调<b>语音口语</b>
audio-lingual method
<b>口语</b>；听说；drilling sentence pattern，repetition、memorization、mimicry
the situational(audio-visual) approach
整体结构感知，对话-句子-单词-单音
cognitive approach
以学生为中心，注重发展语言能力
communicative(functional-notional) approach
competence：linguistic/pragmatic/discourse/strategic/fluency
principle：communication/task/meaningfulness
the natural approach
自然习得
total physical response
<b>听-做动作</b>；以句子为教学单位
task-based language teaching
task：purpose/context/process/product
≠exercise/activity；非语言结果
problem-solving;decision-making;opinion exchange;information-gap;jigsaw拼图
listing;ordering anf sorting;comparing;sharing personal experiences;project/creative tasks
traditonal：<b>3P</b> presentation/practice/production
pre-task;task-cycle(task+planning+reporting);languages focus(analysis+practice)
multiple intelligences approach
1.verbal-linguistic
2.logical-mathematical
3.visual-spatial
4.musical-rhythmtic
5.bodily-kinesthtic
6.interpersonal-social
7.intrapersonal-introspective
8.naturalist
language knowledge teaching
Phonetic
goal
consistency；intelligibility；communicative efficency
语音：音标+读音规则
flow
stresses of sentence；rhythms；sense group and pause；liaison and loss of plosion；intonations
principle
accuracy；long-term development；comprehensiveness；pertinence针对性；communication；authenticity真实性
method
pronunciation practice
perception认知
using minimal pairs；which order；same or diff；odd one out；completion
production产出
listen and repeat；fill in the blanks；make sentences；using meaningful context；use pictures；tongue twisters绕口令
stress and intonation
use gestures/voice/blackboard
lexical
content
word meaning
denotative/connotative
information
part of spench词性；affixes；spelling；pronunciation；lexical rules；syntax structures
usage
collocation；phrases短语；idioms；style；register
strategy
controlling(metacognitive)；resource；congnitive；memory；organizing activity
principle
model
<b>PPT</b>：presentation+practice+test
<b>TBLT</b>：task-based language teaching
method
巩固
labeling；spot diff；describe&draw；memory game；word series；word bingo；association；synonyms&antonyms；collocation；categories
grammar
content
language form/structure(morphology+syntax)；meaning；use
principle
method
deductive演绎法
讲解语法规则举例说明，练习
guided discovery
practice
1.mechanical
substitution drills；transformation drills
2.meaningful
在一定情景，看图编对话、根据提示翻译句子
3.communicative
交际，讲故事、情景对话、小组讨论、角色扮演
discourse
对语篇的<b>整体把握</b>，知识迁移、应用能力
method
整体；线索5W1H，chronological order；background knowledge；段落提问；discussion
language skill teaching
model
bottom-up听力理解前安排训练讲解；top-down激活背景知识预测；interactive；task-based；PWP(pre-while(extensive/intensive)-post)
activity
discrimination
recognizing communicating signals
listening for gist
listening for specfic information
word-guessing
inferring and predicting
note-taking
spoken language
content
language form；language content；function；strategies
activity
semi-/controlled or mechanical；open or creative
reading
model
top-down
bottom-up
interactive-compensatory
skill
skimming；scanning；word-guessing；predicting；inferring；recognizing the reference
writing
approach
product-oriented approach
process-oriented approach
content-oriented approach
process
creating a motivation to write；brainstorming；mind mapping；outlining；drafting；editing(self/peer)；revising
model
controlled:copying,filling-in,completions,transfermations
guided
expressive
class
Instructional design
principle
aim;variety;flexibility;learnability;linkage
process
warming up
lead-in
presentation
practice
consolidation and extension
summary and homework
questions
open/closed；<b>display/referential</b>
knowledge/comprehension;application;analysis;synthesis;evaluation
feedback
explicit /implicit correction(recast重述；pinpointing强调暗示；metalingustic feedback；inquiry追问)
manage
principle
clarity；demonstration；checking；appropriate time；advance organizer；complete instruction；clear start and ending
activity
lockstep activity全班；group work2-4；pair work；individual work
teacher
instructor；controller；assessor；organizer；prompter；participant；resource-provider；reseacher；facilitator
test
achievement
proficiency水平
aptitute潜能
diagnostic
placement分级
subjective-objective
direct-indirect
discrete-point分离性-integrative；norm-/criterion-referenced
standard
reliability；validity；discrimination；difficulty
reflection
teaching journal；narrative research；action research
