宇宙演化历史

Universe History

Planck epoch

Time: 10^−43 s

Temperature: 10^32 K

Energy: 10^19 Gev

Description: The Planck scale is the scale beyond which current physical theories do not have predictive value. The Planck epoch is the time during which physics is assumed to have been dominated by quantum effects of gravity.

Grand Unification epoch

Time: 10^−36 s

Energy: 10^16 Gev

Description: The three forces of the Standard Model are unified (assuming that nature is described by a Grand unification theory).

Time: 10^−32 s

Temperature: 10^28K--10^22k

Description: Cosmic inflation expands space by a factor of the order of 1026 over a time of the order of 10−33 to 10−32 seconds. The universe is supercooled from about 1027 down to 1022 kelvins.[3] The Strong Nuclear Force becomes distinct from the Electroweak Force.

Quark epoch

Time: 10^−12s--10^-6s

Temperature: 10^12 K

Energy: 100Mev

Hadron epoch

Time: 10^−6s--1s

Temperature: 10^10 K

Description: Quarks are bound into hadrons. A slight matter-antimatter-asymmetry from the earlier phases (baryon asymmetry) results in an elimination of anti-hadrons.

Neutrino decouping

Time: 1s

Energy: 1Mev

Description: Neutrinos cease interacting with baryonic matter. The spherical volume of space which will become the Observable universe is approximately 10 light-years in radius at this time.

Lepton epoch

Time: 1s--10s

Description: Leptons and anti-leptons remain in thermal equilibrium.

Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Time: 10s--10^3s

Temperature: 10^9K--10^7K

Energy: 100Kev--1Kev

Photon epoch

Time: 10s--1.2*10^13s

Temperature: 10^K--4000K

Recombination

Time: 380 ka

Redshift: 1100

Temperature: 4000K

Dark Ages

Time: 380ka...150Ma

Redshift: 1100--20

Temperature: 4000K--60K

Reioniztion

Time: 150Ma--1Ga

Redshift: 20--6

Temperature: 60K-19K

Matter-Dominated Era

Time: 47Ka--10Ga

Redshift: 3600--0.4

Temperature: 10^4K--4K

Galaxy formation and evolution

Time: 1Ga--10Ga

Redshift: 6--0.4

Temperature: 19K-4K

Description: Galaxies coalesce into \"proto-clusters\

Dark-energy-dominated Era

Time: 10Ga

Redshift: 0.4

Temperature: 4K

Stelluferous Era

Time: 150Ma--100Ga

Redshift: 20---0.99

Temperature: 60K-0.003K

Present Time

Time: 13.8Ga

Redshift: 0

Temperature: 2.7K

Description: Farthest observable photons at this moment are CMB photons. They arrive from a sphere with the radius of 46 billion light-years. The spherical volume inside it is commonly referred to as Observable universe.

Far Future

Time: 100Ga

Redshift: -0.99

Temperature: 0.1K