二、代词
人称代词
第一人称:主格—— i;宾格——me
主格:用在句首做主语
宾格:用在动词后做宾语
第二人称:主格——you;宾格——you
第三人称:主格—— she/he/it;宾格——her/him/it
复数:主格——we/you/they;宾格——us/you/them
物主代词
形容词性物主代词:表示“某人的什么”:My、Your、Her、His、Its、Our、Their
名词性物主代词:表示“某人的”: mine、yours、hers、his、its、ours、theirs
所有格
所有格的形式
单数人称名词 + 's:child→child's
-s 结尾的单数人称名词 + 's:waitress→waitress's
不规则复数人称名词 + 's:children→children's
-s 结尾的复数人称名词 + ' :girls→girls'
-s 结尾的人名 + 's :James→James's
of 结构:
1. 指东西的XX(没有现成的复合名词):the book of the film
2. 指东西的一部分:the bottom of the box
3. 指抽象的概念:the price of the apples
4. 当 of 后面跟的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时:Can you look at the book of the boy brhind you?
双重所有格:即 's 结构用于 of 结构之后。如:a friend of my father's;a sister of yours;the son of mine.
三、冠词
不定冠词 a、an(只能用于单数可数名词前)
1. 表示“一个”、“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思:I have a sister and two brothers.
2. 表示频率或度量单位:We have PE lessons three times a week.
3. 用在单数表语名词前,表示职业、行业、宗教、等:Jenny wants to be a teacher.
4. 用在what引导的感叹句中:What a cold snowy day!
5. 一些常用短语:have a good time/ half an hour/ have a headache/
定冠词 the (可用于单数可数名词、复数可数名词、不可数名词前)
1.表示特指,即“不是别的,就是那个”:The girl with a red cap is Susan.
2.表示双谈双方都知道的:The dog is sick. (双方都知道是哪只狗)
3.前文提到了,后文又提到:There is a bird in the tree, the bird is red.
4.表示世界上唯一的事物:The Great Wall is a wonder.
5.用在方位名词前:the north of the Yangtze River
6.用在在序数词和形容词最高级前:Who's the first?
7.用在乐器前:play the piano、play the guitar、play the violin
8.用在河流、山脉、海洋前:the Mount Everest珠穆朗玛峰、the Yangtze River长江、the Nile尼罗河
9.普通名词组成专有名词前面须加 the:the Great Wall长城、the Nine Dragon Wall九龙壁
10.the + 姓氏的复数,表示某某一家人:the Lees 姓李的一家人;the Sawyers索耶一家人
11.same前要加 the:We are twins, but we don't look the same.
12.习语:in the way挡道,碍事;make the bed 铺床;in the end最后;all the time一直; by the way 顺便说一声;on the way 在路上
零冠词
1.【泛指的抽象名词】前:Life is very hard for some people.
2.【泛指的物质名词】前:Water is very useful.
3.【泛指的复数名词】前:Books are my best friends.
4.【泛指的“餐”名】前:have dinner/ have breakfast/ have lunch
5.大多数的【专有名词】前:He comes from France.
6.【语言】的名词前:She can speak English
7.【季节、节日】名词前:Winter is the best time for skating.
8. 当名词前【有代词修饰】时:My brother is a soldier.
9.【体育项目名词】前:play football; play tennis; play basketball
10.习语:at home; go to school; at night
五、介词
1.时间介词:at 5 o'clock、in spring、on Saturday、before lunch、after tomorrow、from now on、during the summer holiday、 until yesterday、for two weeks、since then
2.地点介词:in/ at/ acoss/ to/ down/ under/ near/ between/ over/ from/ beside/ behind/ around/ before/ ahead of/ along/ above/ next to
3.其他介词:by/ with/ about/ except/ like/ of/ instead of/ of/ without/ including/ plus/ in/ for
六、数词
1.基数词(表数目)
1-12基数词
13-19基数词(-teen)
20-90基数词(-ty)
21-29基数词(-):twenty-one
百位数:one hundred and nintety-six 196
千位数:five thousand three hundred and eighty-seven 5387
万:ten thousand
2.序数词(表顺序)
第1-第3:first、second、third
第4-第19:基数词 +th
十位数的序数词 (ty 变成 ti 加-eth):twenty—twentieth;forty—fortieth
十位数+个位数:十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词,中间用-连字符:twenty-fourth 第24
百、千、万:one hundredth、one thousandrh
七、形容词+副词
形容词:修饰名词或代词
副词:修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、句子
比较级
比...更... :He runs faster than I.
像...一样(as 形容词 as):Joe is as tall as his father.
双重比较 He is crying harder than harder./ more and more beautiful/
越... 就越... :The harder you work, the luckier you are.
八、There be结构
1. some / any:some用于肯定句;any用于否定句
2.Be动词就近原则:There is a pen and two pencils in the box.
3.用于回答特殊疑问句:—What's in the basket? —There are some eggs in it.