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Solidity_study

2024-03-12 18:09:33   0  举报

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Solidity

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Variable

Data Types

Value Types

Booleans

The possible values are constants true and false.

Operators

! (logical negation)

&& (logical conjunction, “and”)

|| (logical disjunction, “or”)

== (equality)

!= (inequality)

Integers

int / uint: Signed and unsigned integers of various sizes.

Keywords uint8 to uint256 in steps of 8 (unsigned of 8 up to 256 bits) and int8 to int256.

uint and int are aliases for uint256 and int256, respectively.

Operators

Comparisons: <=, <, ==, !=, >=, > (evaluate to bool)

The value of a comparison is the one obtained by comparing the integer value.

Bit operators: &, |, ^ (bitwise exclusive or), ~ (bitwise negation)

Bit operations are performed on the two’s complement representation of the number. This means that, for example ~int256(0) == int256(-1).

Shift operators: << (left shift), >> (right shift)

x << y is equivalent to the mathematical expression x * 2**y.

x >> y is equivalent to the mathematical expression x / 2**y, rounded towards negative infinity.

Arithmetic operators: +, -, unary - (only for signed integers), *, /, % (modulo), ** (exponentiation)

Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication

Division

Modulo

Exponentiation

For an integer type X, you can use type(X).min and type(X).max to access the minimum and maximum value representable by the type.

Fixed Point Numbers

Fixed point numbers are not fully supported by Solidity yet. They can be declared, but cannot be assigned to or from.

Rational and Integer Literals

Address

The two flavous

address

Holds a 20 byte value (size of an Ethereum address).

address payable

Same as address, but with the additional members transfer and send.

Type conversions

Implicit conversions from address payable to address are allowed, whereas conversions from address to address payable must be explicit via payable(<address>).

Explicit conversions to and from address are allowed for uint160, integer literals, bytes20 and contract types.

Only expressions of type address and contract-type can be converted to the type address payable via the explicit conversion payable(...). For contract-type, this conversion is only allowed if the contract can receive Ether, i.e., the contract either has a receive or a payable fallback function. Note that payable(0) is valid and is an exception to this rule.

Operators

<=, <, ==, !=, >= and >

Members of Addresses

Address Literals

Contract Types

Every contract defines its own type. You can implicitly convert contracts to contracts they inherit from. Contracts can be explicitly converted to and from the address type.

Enums

Unicode Literals

string memory a = unicode"Hello 😃";

Hexadecimal Literals

Hexadecimal literals are prefixed with the keyword hex and are enclosed in double or single-quotes (hex"001122FF", hex'0011_22_FF').

String Literals and Types

the following escape characters:

\<newline> (escapes an actual newline)

\\ (backslash)

\' (single quote)

\" (double quote)

\n (newline)

\r (carriage return)

\t (tab)

\xNN (hex escape, see below)

\uNNNN (unicode escape, see below)

Fixed-size byte arrays

Operators

Comparisons: <=, <, ==, !=, >=, > (evaluate to bool)

Bit operators: &, |, ^ (bitwise exclusive or), ~ (bitwise negation)

Shift operators: << (left shift), >> (right shift)

Index access: If x is of type bytesI, then x[k] for 0 <= k < I returns the k th byte (read-only).

Members

.length yields the fixed length of the byte array (read-only).

Dynamical-sized byte array

bytes

Dynamically-sized byte array, see Arrays. Not a value-type!

string

Dynamically-sized UTF-8-encoded string, see Arrays. Not a value-type!

User Defined Value Types

Definition: type C is V

Function Types

two flavours

Internal functions(By default)

External functions

Function types are notated as follows

function (<parameter types>) {internal|external} [pure|view|payable] [returns (<return types>)]

Conversions

pure functions can be converted to view and non-payable functions

view functions can be converted to non-payable functions

payable functions can be converted to non-payable functions

Members

External (or public) functions have the following members

.address returns the address of the contract of the function.

.selector returns the ABI function selector

Reference Types

Data location

three data locations

memory

storage

calldata

Arrays

Definition

fixed sized arrays

T[k]

dynamic size arrays

Structs

Mapping Types

Iterable Mappings

Operator

Order of Precedence of Operators

Expressions and Control Structures

Control Structures

Function Calls

Creating contracts via new

Order of Evaluation of Expressions

Assignment

Scoping and Declarations

Error handling: Assert, Require, Revert and Exceptions

Units and Globally Available Variables

Units

Ether Units

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Time Units

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Contracts

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