计算机网络
2016-11-25 14:37:48 0 举报AI智能生成
计算机网络基础基础（1）
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
分类
局域网LAN
拓扑结构
工作模式
城域网MAN
广域网WAN
（国际）互联网Internet
数据传输
资源共享
硬件共享
软件共享
数据共享
分布处理
硬件
网络适配器NIC（网卡、网络接口卡）
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-font-family:ˎ̥;mso-hansi-font-family:ˎ̥;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>background:yellow;mso-highlight:yellow;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">负责将用户要传递的数据转换为网络上其它设备能够识别的格式，通过网络介质传输。</span>
功能：读入和输出
读入其他路由器交换机NIC传过来的数据包到PC中
将pc发送的数据打包到其他网络中
网络通信介质
电缆
光揽
双绞线
无线介质
网络连接设备
中集器
集线器
网关
网桥
路由器
交换机
网络协议
三要素
语义
语法
定时
TCP/IP协议簇
应用层
ftp
文件传输协议
子主题
http
超文本传输协议
使用的是TCP而非UDP
SMTP
简单邮件传输协议
使用tcp
DNS
域名系统
<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">通过</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1617349.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">主机名</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">，最终得到该主机名对应的IP地址的过程叫做域名解析（或主机名解析）</span>
TELNET
远程登录协议
<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">远程</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/23880.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">主机</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">工作</span>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">TCP/IP</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;<br>mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">模型将</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:<br>1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:<br>AR-SA">OSI</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br>ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">参考模型中的会话层和表示层的功能合并到应用层实现。</span>
传输层
TCP
传输控制协议
子主题
UDP
用户数据报协议
<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">UDP 协议基本上是</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2802.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">IP协议</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">与上层协议的接口</span>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">传输层的功能是使源端主机和目标端主机上的对等实体可以进行会话。</span>
网络层
IP
子主题
ARP
RARP
ICMP
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">它的功能是把分组发往目标网络或主机。</span><br>
网络接口
以太网
物理网络
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">网络接口层是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";<br>mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;<br>mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">TCP/IP</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;<br>mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">与各种</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:<br>1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:<br>AR-SA">LAN</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br>ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:<br>1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:<br>AR-SA">WAN</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br>ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">的接口。</span>
OSI
应用层
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">为操作系统或网络应用程序提供访问网络服务的接口</span>
表示层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;line-height:<br>20.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 21.0pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">表示层对上层数据或信息进行变换以保证一个主机应用层信息可以被另一</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">个主机的应用程序理解。</span></p>
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">数据的加密、压缩、格式转换</span>
会话层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;line-height:<br>20.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 21.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">1.<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">会话层管理主机之间的会话进程，即负责建立、管理、终止进程之间的会话。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">2.会话层还利用数据中插入校验点来实现数据的同步。</span></p>
传输层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;line-height:<br>20.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 21.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">1.<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">传输层负责将上层数据分段</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">并提供端到端的、可靠的或不可靠的传输。此外，传输层还要处理到端的差错控制和流量控制问题</span></p>
网络层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;line-height:<br>20.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 21.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">1.<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">网络层负责对子网间的数据包进行路由选择。此外，网络层还可以实现拥塞</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">控制、网际互连等功能</span></p>
数据链路层
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:21.0pt;text-indent:-21.0pt;line-height:<br>20.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 21.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"">1.<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">数据链路层在不可靠的物理介质上提供可靠的传输。该层的作用包括：物理</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12pt;">地址寻址、数据的帧、流量控制、数据的检错、重发等。</span></p>
物理层
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:1.0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">物理层规定了激活、维持、关闭通信端点之间的机械特性、电气特性、功能特性及过程特性。该层为上层协议提供了一个传输数据的物理媒体。</span>
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