诺贝尔
2016-12-28 09:14:30 0 举报仅支持查看
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诺贝尔,全名阿尔弗雷德·贝尔纳多特·诺贝尔,是瑞典著名的化学家、工程师和发明家。他以其在炸药领域的杰出贡献而闻名于世。此外,诺贝尔还是一位慈善家,设立了诺贝尔奖,以表彰在物理学、化学、医学、文学和和平领域做出杰出贡献的人士。诺贝尔奖自1901年起每年颁发一次,已成为全球最具声望的奖项之一。
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1833年10月21日出生于斯德哥尔摩,家中共有三个兄弟<br>
求学阶段
1842年,诺贝尔全家移居俄国的彼得堡<br>
1841年,诺贝尔进了当地的 约台小学,这是他一生中接受正规教育的唯一的一所学校。<br>
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Locked="false" Priority="51"<br> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"<br> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"<br> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"<br> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"<br> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"<br> Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"></w:LsdException><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"<br> Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/><br> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"<br> Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/><br> </w:LatentStyles><br></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]><br><style><br> /* Style Definitions */<br> table.MsoNormalTable<br> {mso-style-name:普通表格;<br> mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;<br> mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;<br> mso-style-noshow:yes;<br> mso-style-priority:99;<br> mso-style-parent:"";<br> mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;<br> mso-para-margin:0cm;<br> mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;<br> mso-pagination:widow-orphan;<br> font-size:10.0pt;<br> font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;}<br></style><br><![endif]--><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;<br>mso-font-kerning:0pt" lang="EN-US">1850</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:<br>宋体;mso-bidi-font-family:宋体;mso-font-kerning:0pt">年,为研究化学留学美国。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span>
1852年,回到圣彼得堡。<br>
1858年,为筹措父亲的事业资金前往伦敦。<br>
1859年,因父亲生意失败带着弟弟耶米尔回到斯德哥尔摩<br>
研究阶段<br>
1860年,开始从事硝化甘油炸药的研究。<br>
1863年,发明硝化甘油炸药用雷管;10月,获得硝化甘油炸药的专利。<br>
1864年,因硝化甘油工厂爆炸,弟弟耶米尔惨死,关闭瑞典工厂,前往在德国建厂;10月,成立硝化甘油炸药公司。<br>
1865年,在德国汉堡设立火药公司,并在克鲁伯建厂。<br>
1866年,硝化甘油爆炸事件不断在世界各地发生,因此各地争相取缔,硝化甘油公司陷入困境,同时发明了甘油炸药。<br>
1867年5月,获得英国的炸药专利,新的诺贝尔雷管发明成功。<br>
1867年,在欧洲各地开设诺贝尔公司,炸药事业鼎盛,与父亲同时获得瑞典科学研究院的亚斯特奖。
1871年,在英国创办炸药公司,与保罗·鲍合作创业。<br>
1873年,定居巴黎。<br>
1876年,雇用斯陀夫人为秘书,之后逐渐热衷于和平运动。
1878年,完成发明可塑炸药;5月,加入石油业,成立诺贝尔兄弟石油公司。<br>
1880年,获得瑞典国王创议颁发的科学勋章,又得到法国大勋章。<br>
1884年,被推荐为伦敦皇家协会、巴黎技术协会、瑞典皇家科学协会的会员。1887年,取得喷射炮弹火药的专利。<br>
1890年,受法国人迫害,而离开居住十八年之久的巴黎,搬到意大利圣利摩,在当地创立研究所。<br>
1893年,成为瑞典芜普撒勒大学的荣誉教授,讲授哲学。<br>
1895年11月27日,立下遗嘱,诺贝尔奖因此产生。<br>
1896年12月10日,在圣利摩的米欧尼德庄去世,终年63岁。<br>
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