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美语初级

2019-06-19 17:49:16   1  举报

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美语初级脑图

美语

英语

作者其他创作

大纲/内容

词组比较

anyone/someone

anyone用于否定句与疑问句，但还可以用在肯定句作为主语。 someone用于肯定句 例句： I don't know anyone in the classroom. There is someone there. Anybody can answer the question.

want

wang to + 动词原形 I want to see him.

want + 名词 The little boy wants more toys.

want + 人 + to + 动词原形 He wants me to mail the letter for him.

no/not

no 是形容词，表示“没有一个”。 not 是副词，表示“不”的意思。 no == not any。 I have not any money. == I have no money. He does not have any money. == He doesn't have any money. == He has no money.

both/all

两者之间 one...the other...

三者之间 one...another...the other...

介词与物体的关系

inside + 物体  表示在该物体之内

behind + 物体  表示在该物体的后面

under + 物体  表示在该物体的下方

next to + 物体  紧邻于该物体

及物动词、不及物动词

简单的判断方法： A __ B. B被A __. 如果动词在空白处都通顺，则是及物动词，反之是不及物动词

数量的形容词

之后可以接复数名词者： few 有少数，没几个 a few 有几个 several 数个（比a few多） many 许多个

He has few friends. 他没几个朋友——他的朋友很少。 I have a few friends. 我有几个朋友。 She has many friends. 她有许多朋友。 a. few表示“没几个”，有否定意味；a few 表示“有几个”，有肯定意味。 b. quite a few 不少的，相当多的 = many c. only a few 只有几个 = few

之后接不可数名词者： little 很少，没多少 a little 有一点 much 许多

He has little money. 他没多少钱——他几乎没钱。 He has a little money. 他有一点钱。 He doesn't have much money. 他的钱不多。 a. little 表示“没多少”，有否定意味；a little表示“有一点”，有肯定意味。 b. quite a little 不少的，相当多的； c. much用于否定句，而不用肯定句中。肯定句应使用a lot of 或lots of d. a great deal of 亦表示“许多的，大量的”，之后须接不可数名词

可接复数或不可数名词： some 一些 a lot of(=lots of) 许多的 plenty of 不少的

助动词

之后接动词原型。 must 表示道德与义务（如爱国、孝顺父母），表示现在或者未来的状况，不能用于过去时 have to 表示不得不去做，可以表示过去时，用had to

should = ought to What should Dan do? => What ought Dan to do?

might 表示较低的可能形，may可能形较高

You may be right, so I will take you advice.

You might be right, but I think my way is better.

take

take + 人或物 + to + 地方 Please take me to the station.

He can take the work home. 由于home是副词，相当于表示场所的副词there，here等，置于句尾修饰动词时，这些副词之前不能置介词to。 Let's go to home now.(x) Let's go home now.(Y) 但home之前若置所有格代词（my、his），则home变成名词，可以加to。 Let's go to my home.

why

Why + 动词原型 => Why should I/we + 动词原型 例句： Why stay here?  => Why should I stay here? Why be quiet?   => Why should I be quiet?

Why not + 动词原型？ => Why can't you/we + 动词原型? Why not be quiet?      => Why can't you be quiet? Why not stay here?     => Why can't you stay here?

比较级

一般而言，形容词比较等级变化有下列原则

原级是双音节或三音节以上的形容词 比较级：more+原级 最高级：most+原级

beautiful

原级是单音节的形容词 比较级：原级+er 最高级：原级+est

cute

原级是以辅音结尾同时亦是闭音节的单音节形容词 比较级：重复该辅音字母+er 最高级：重复该辅音字母+est

hot

原级是以e结尾的单音节形容词，或以le结尾的双音节形容词 比较级：原级+r 最高级：原级+st

wise

形容词结尾为辅音+y时 比较级：将y改成i+er 最高级：将y改成i+est

pretty

不规则变化 good -> better -> best bad -> worse -> worst

在原级的形容词前加副词less或least，则分别表示较不或最不的意思

cute less cute least cute

beautiful less beautiful least beautiful

never fail to + 动词原型

一定会... My son never fails to call me up on Sunday mornings.

fail to + 动词原型  未能... Paul fail to get into medical school.

remember to + 动词原型

记得要... Son, remember to turn off the light.

remember + 动名词  记得曾经... Do you remember losing this ring many years ago?

forget to + 动词原型

忘了要... Don't forget to meet Sally after school.

forget + 动名词  忘了曾经... I'll never forget seeing my son graduate.

感官动词

feel（感到） smell（闻起来) taste (尝起来） look（看起来） sound（听起来）

The food smells really good. Though he is sixty, he looks young.

make

make + 人 + 动词原形 Michael didn't want to make his mother feel sad.

make + 人/物 + 名词/形容词 The music made me happy. The teacher has made John a good boy.

rather than

rather than + 动词原形, 主语 + 动词... Rather than work hard, he plays around all the time.

rather连接两个有并列关系的主语，之后的动词则应按第一个主语作变化。 He rather than I is wrong.  是他错，而非我错。

try

try to + 动词原型  设法要 I'll try to call you later today.

try + 名词 / 动名词  尝试 / 试试... Don't ever try swimming alone in the river.

少数及物动词之后须接动名词作宾语的用法

enjoy 

practice

resent

mind

resist

finish

deny

admit

stop

stop to + 动词原型 停下来开始...

子主题

情景

自我介绍

people表示人们，只做复数用。 如果说一个人，用one person

宾语补足语

call 不完全及物动词

They call the little girl Mary.

介绍他人

Tony also has a dog. also置于一般动词前，若与be动词或助动词连用时，also应置于该be动词或助动词之后。 too置于句尾，其前要有逗号。

朋友生活询问

你会不会？你能不能？ 这是你的xxx吗？ 你在做什么？你的职业是什么？ 你来自哪里？

描述家庭生活

家庭成员在干什么？ 他们喜欢做什么？ 以及宠物。

厨房

舞会/宴会

语法

现在进行时

表示中文的“此刻正在...”的意思。 主语 + am/are/is + 现在分词

现在完成时

主语 + has/have + 动词过去式

一般过去时

主语 + 动词的过去式。 表示过去所发生的动作或状态。往往与表示过去的时间副词连用。 I saw him yesterday. He lived here ten years ago.

规则过去式动词，在词尾+ed

不规则变化动词

否定句式 主语 + did not/didn't + 动词原型 主语 + was not/wasn't 主语 + were not/weren't

一般将来时

will

be going to

将来进行时

将来某一时刻要用将来进行时，一般情况下可以和一般将来时互相替代 will be + 现在分词

特殊疑问句

反意疑问句

被动语态

被动语态均由及物动词形成，句型如下： They respect him.  => He is respected by them.

主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

主语（原宾语） + be动词 + 过去分词 + by + 宾语（原主语）

及物动词变成被动语态时，除非绝对必要，否则“by + 宾语”往往省略。

He is respected.

短语动词变成被动语态时，介词不可省略

I cannot rely on him. => He cannot be relied on.

感叹句

什么情况下在主语后加be动词？

她很漂亮。 =>  She is beautiful. 在中文里，主语加形容词翻译成英文，需要在主语后加be动词

他在办公室。  =>  He is in the office. 在中文里，主语加地方词翻译成英文，需要在主语后加be动词

动词不定时

名词

作主语 To work with him is pleasant. It is pleasant to work with him.

作宾语 I decided to visit him tomorrow. He is planning to study abroad. He promised me to write the letter.

置于be动词之后，作表语，此时主语亦多位表示“愿望、决心”等名词 My only wish before I leave is to see her one more time. His plan is to marry her soon.

形容词

此时动词不定式置于被修饰的名词之后，修饰该名词 I have some work to do. That's not the right way to learn English.

副词

此时动词不定式可置于完整的句子之前或之后，表示目的。 He worked hard.  ->  To pass the exam, he worked hard.  He worked hard to pass the exam.

名词短语

疑问副词 修饰之后的动词不定式

where

when

how

疑问代词 作动词不定式中及物动词的宾语

what

which

whom

具有名词的功能，在句中通常作及物动词的宾语

名词从句

种类

that引导的名词性从句

whether引导的名词性从句

be动词 Is he happy？ => whether he is happy

助动词（can，will，have） Will he come? => Whether he will come

do/does/did 先冠以whether，次将do、does或did去除，疑问句中的动词原形再按do、does、did及主语还原成应有的时态 Do they like it？ => Whether they like it

疑问词（what、where、when、how、why、who、whom、which、whose等）

be动词 Who is he? => Who he is

助动词 When will he come? => When he will come

含有do、does、did的疑问句 How did he do it? => how he did it

注意：若疑问代词who、what、which作主语，该疑问句变成名词性从句时，句子结构不变 Who will come? => Who will come What happened? => What happened Which has been bought? => Which has been bought

定词从句 该从句视为形容词、修饰之前的名词

who、whom 专门修饰人，换言之who、whom之前一定有一个表示人的名词。who在从句中作主语，whom则作宾语

which 用以代替除人以外的一切事物（动物、植物、静物、地方、概念等）的关系代词，在所引导的定语从句中，可作主语、宾语。前面一定要有可被代替（除人以外）的名词。

whose whose之后应置名词，即“whose+名词”，在所引导的定语从句中可做主语或宾语

that that 可等于who、whom或which，但that之前不可置逗号

状语从句

变成分词短语

第一步：删除从句中的主语； 第二步：主语之后的动词变成现在分词； 第三步：若动词为be动词，则一律变成现在分词being，而being省略 例句：When I am rich, i will buy a watch.  =>  When rich, i will buy a watch.