语法体系（10+9+8）
2020-02-21 10:11:01 2 举报AI智能生成
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英语语法树
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
语法基础概念
成分（9）
1. 主语
2. 谓语
3. 宾语
4. 表语
5. 双宾
6. 同位语
7. 宾补
8. 定语
9. 状语
词性（10）
1. 介词
1. 介词的分类
按“形式”分
1. 单个介词
2. 合成介词
3. 分词介词
4. 短语介词
按“词义”分
1. 地点介词
2. 方向介词
3. 时间介词
4. 方式介词
5. 涉及介词
6. 目的介词
7. 原因介词
8. 比较介词
9. 伴随介词
2. 介词的作用
定语
a meeting in the morning. 早晨的一个会议；the road to success. 成功的道路。
状语
She lives in Beijing. （地点） 她住在北京。
They visit the wall by bike. （方式） 他们骑自行车参观了城墙。
The barbecue was canceled because of rain. （原因）因为下雨，烧烤被取消了。
区分定语和状语：是否由被修饰的成分。有被修饰的成分时是定语，无被修饰的成分时是状语。
表语（be动词和感官动词后是表语）
The waiter is in a good mood. 那个服务员心情不错。
Is it in your hand? 在你手里吗？
补语（补充说明）
Tom put some books on the table. Tom放了些书在桌上。
Dad left his wallet in a taxi. 爸爸把钱包忘在了一辆出租车里。
He worked as a consultant. 他的工作是一名咨询师。
作状语（方式）
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3. 介词的含义
常见介词的含义
4. 介词的辨析
1. 时间或地点介词
表时间
in：表在一段时间里；在将来时中表在一段时间之后；
on：表具体的某一天
at：表某个时刻或瞬间
表时间例句
He was born on the morning of May 10th. （如果没有具体的那一天就要用in）
I usually get up at 7:00 in the morning. （这里的in the morning 介词短语作时间状语，因为没有被修饰的成分）
He is at the cinema at the moment.
表地点
in：表在某个范围之内；
on：表在某个平面上或与一个面相接触；
at：表在某个具体的场所或地点。
表地点例句
His glasses are right on his nose.
2. 时间介词 after 与 in“在...之后”
“after + （具体时刻/从句）”：表“在...时刻之后”常用一般时态；
“in + （一段时间）”：表“在（多久）之后”，常用将来时态。
例句
He said that he would be here after 6:00.
My father is coming back from England in about a month.
3. 时间介词 since 与 for
since + (具体时刻) ：“自从...起一直到现在”
for + (一段时间) : 总共有...之久。
Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.
Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years.
by
“乘坐”某交通工具；
“以......方式”；
在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者
in
“使用”某语言/文字；
with
“使用”某工具、手段
We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.
Please write that article in English.
Let's go to the zoo by taxi.
through
“穿过...(门洞/人群/树林)”
“通过...(方式)”
across 和 over
指“跨越...(街道/河流)”， 可以互换
表“翻过...”只用over
There is a bridge across/over the river.
They climbed over the mountanin and arrived there ahead of time.
The visitors went through a big gate into another park.
6. as 与 like “像”
as
“作为...”，表职业、职务、作用等事实
like
“像...一样”，表外表，不是事实
Let me speak to you as a father. 我以父亲的身份和你讲话。（说话者是听者的父亲）
Let me speak to you like a father. 让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话。（说话者不是听者的父亲）
at the end of...
既可表时间也可表地点；常用过去时；
by the end of...
表时间；常用完成时；
in the end 与 at last
基本等义，表“终于、最后”；常用过去时；
to the end
“到...的终点为止”
By the end of last term we had learned 16 units of Book Ill.
At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.
They left for Beijing at the end of last week.
In the end he succeeded in the final exams.
We should go on with the work to the end.
for a moment
“一会儿、片刻”=for a while ，常与持续性动词连用
for the moment
“暂时、目前”，常用现在时
in a moment
“一会儿、立即、马上”= soon; in a few minutes ，用将来时
at the moment
“此刻，眼下”= now，用现在进行时
Please wait for a moment. (wait持续性动作，一般现在时)
Let's leave things as they are for the moment. （一般现在时）
I'll come back in a moment. （一般将来时）
I am very busy at the moment.（现在now）
9. in front of 与 in the front of
in front of
“在...的前面”
in the front of
“在（内部）...的前部”
A car was parking in front of the hall. （车子不在hall里面）
In the front of the hall stood a big desk. （桌子在hall里面的前部）
10. except 与 besides “除了”
except
表示不包含
besides
表示包含
Everyone went to the Palace Museum except Tom. 除了Tom，大家都去了故宫博物院(tom没有去故宫)
Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects. 除了汉语之外，他还学其他许多功课。（“汉语”也是他学的功课之一）
5. 介词的搭配
2. 冠词
不定冠词 a/an的使用
1. 泛指某一个人或物
2. 表示某类人或物，区别于其他物种
3. 表“1”这个数量
4. 习惯用语
定冠词 the 的使用
1. 表特指的人或事物
2. 复述前面提到过的人或事物
3. 表独一无二的事物
4. 用在表示方位的名词前面
5. 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面
6. 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面
7. 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面
8. 用在姓氏之前表示一家人
9. 固定短语
10. 乐器名称前面
零冠词
1. 专有名词和第一次使用一些不可数名词时前面通常不用
2. 名词前面已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用
3. 周名，月名或季节名前不用
4. （第一次使用）复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用
5. 三餐饭前不用
6. 节假日前不用
7. 球类名词前面不用
8. 一些习惯用语中不用
3. 名词
1. 名词分类
专有名词
定义：人名、地名、团体名、机构名等的专用名称
注意：专有名词中实词的第一个字母大写
2. 名词的单复数
规则变化
在单数名词词尾加‘s’
s，o，x，sh，ch结尾的词加‘es’
注意：绝大多数以o结尾的加‘s’，除了potato（马铃薯）、tomato（西红柿）、hero（英雄）、motto（黑人）、volcano（火山）
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i，再加es（family -> families， city -> cities， party ->parties）
不规则变化
man->men ; woman -> women ; sheep -> sheep ; tooth -> teeth
3. 名词所有格
以s或es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加 ’（撇） （Teachers’Day）
表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等名词，词尾加‘s
名词一般可用介词 of 短语来表示所有关系（a fine daughter of the Party 党的好女儿）
‘s 还可以表示某人的家或某店铺 （my aunt's 我阿姨家 ； the doctor's 诊所）
两人共有某物时，可以采用 A and B's 的形式 （Lucy and Lily's bedroom 露西和丽丽合住的卧室）注意：如果分别‘s 就表示两个房间 bedroom 要加 s
双重所有格：of + 名词所有格/名词性物主代词 （a friend of my father's 我父亲的一位朋友 ； a friend of mine 我的一位朋友）
4. 主谓一致
主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式
表示整体概念，谓语用单数形式：Class Three is a very good class. 三班是个好班。
表示其中的所有成员，谓语用复数形式：Class Three have a map of China. 三班有张中国地图。
有s结尾的单词：不是名词的复数形式时，谓语用单数。（The news is very exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。）
a lot of
跟名词复数时，谓语用复数形式 （A lot of students are playing baseball now.）
跟不可数名词时，谓语用单数形式 （A lot of time was wasted on that work.）
and
连接两个名词作主语时，谓语用复数 （The teacher and his son are picking apples now. 老师和他的儿子都在摘苹果。）
两个名词构成一个整体事物时，谓语用单数 （Fish and chips is very famous food. 炸鱼薯条是非常著名的食物。）
就近原则
There be句型 (There is table and four chairs in the room.)
either...or...或neither...nor... (Either you or he is right. Neither you nor I am going there.)
not only ..but...also (Not only you but (also) he is wrong.)
not ... but ... (Not you but your father is to blame.)
就远原则
as well as
rather than
but
in addition to
apart from
主语中有with的短语时，谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定（A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road.）
表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时，谓语用单数。（Two months is not a short time. Two thousand kilomenters is quite a long distance.）
主语中含有half of .../ (three quarters) of .../ all (of) the ... 等词语时，谓语的单复数由名词确定。（Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English. A third of the students were playing near the lake.）
5. 单复数意义不同
4. 代词
1. 人称代词
主格
句中作的主语，表语
Are they from Brazil?
Where have they gone?
It's he!
宾格
用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语
Who teaches you English this year?
We often write letters to her.
顺序
第二人称 > 第三人称 > 第一人称
Both he and I are working at that computer company.
Who will go there?
You and me.
it
指人/指物；强调句
表“时间、天气、温度、距离”等含义
What's the weather like today? It's fine. (表天气)
What's the time? It's 12:00. (表时间)
作形式主语/宾语（避免头重脚轻）：替代作主语或宾语的不定式、动名词或名词性从句。
It's a long way to go. (不定式作主语)
It took him three days to clean his house. (不定式作主语)
It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space. (主语从句)
We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well. (宾语从句)
2. 物主代词：说明事物所属关系的代词
1. 形容词性物主代词：作名词的修饰语，后加名词。
Is that your umbrella?
I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.
They are their books.
2. 名词性物主代词
相当于名词，既代替事物又表明所属关系；
在句子中作主语，宾语或表语；
后面不可以跟名词。
3. 双重所有格：of + 名词性物主代词
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.
My friend came to see me yesterday.
3. 反身代词：表示“...自己”
1. 作宾语
表示反射（指一个动作回到该动作执行者本身。）
2. 作同位语
表强调（即用来强调名词或代词。）
The story itself is good. Only he didn't tell it well.
4. 指示代词
指说明近处或远处、上文或下文、以前或现在的人或事物
That model plane is made of plastic.
Remember never to do such things.
Do the same as the teacher tells you.
5. 关系代词：用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词
who
The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.
Do you know the man who is wearing a red hat?
whom
which
Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?
that
Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank?
6. 疑问代词
用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词
who、whom、 whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中
疑问代词不分单复数，视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数，但是通常用单数；如果修饰名词，则以名词的单复数为准。
7. 连接代词：用来引导宾语从句、主语从句或表语从句的连接词称连接代词
1. what（什么）
2. who（谁）
3. whom（谁）
4. which（哪个）
5. whose（谁的）
8. 不定代词：代替或修饰不特指人或事物的代词叫不定代词。在句中作主语宾语表语定语和状语
1. 单数
2. 复数
3. 不可数
4. 复合不定代词
5. 易混不定代词12组
(1) some 和 any
some
肯定句中，表“几个”\"一些\"“某个”
I have some work to do today.（一些）
They will go there some day.（某个）
疑问句中，表建议、请求希望得到肯定回答。
Would you like some coffee with sugar?（建议）
可修可数或不可数名词
any
疑问句或否定句中，表“任何一些”，“任何一个”；
They didn't have any friends here.（任何一个）
Have you got any questions to ask?（任何一个）
Come here with any friend. （任何的）
肯定句时，意思是“任何的”
（2）no 和 none
no
作定语
表“没有”
修可数名词（单数或复数）或不可数名词
There is no time left. Please hurry up.
They had no reading books to lend.
none
在句中可作主语、宾语和表语
意思是“没有一个人（或事物）”，表复数或单数
None of them is/are in the classroom.
（3）all 和 both
all：指三者或三者以上的人或物，代替或修饰可数名词；或不可数名词。
I know all of the four British students in their school.
both：指两个人或物，用来代替或修饰可数名词。
Would you like this one or that one? —— Both.
all 和 both 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
注意：“all/both + of the + 名词（复数）”，其中的of可以省略。 All (of) (the) boys are naughty.
（4）every 和 each
every
形容词
只作定语
修单数名词
“每一个”，表整体概念
Every one of the students in his class studies very hard. 他班上每个学生学习都很用功。
They are very busy. Each of them has something to do. 他们很忙，人人都有事干。
each
形容词/代词
可作主语/宾语/定语
“每个”或“各个”
表单个概念
（5）either 和 neither
either：“两个中间的任何一个”
I don't care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do.
neither：either的否定形式，“两个都不”。
Will you go there by bus or by car? —— Neither I will go there by train.
neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语、和定语等，都用作单数。
other
“另一”、“其余”；有复数形式；作主、宾和定；“不同种类”
another
“另外”、“又一个”；表示增加；作宾语和定；“同种类”
You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?
the other
只有两个时用the other 例 \"one... the other\"
This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?
（7）others 和 the others
others
“其余的人/物”，指大部分
A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.
the others
“其余的人/物”，指全部
Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.
（8）many 和 much
many
“很多”，与可数名词复数连用
I don't have many friends here.
Many died in the bus accident.
much
“很多”，与不可数名词连用
We can learn much with the help of him.
（9）few、little、a few 、alittle
few / little
“很少几个”、“几乎没有”，否定的意思；
He is very poor and he has little money. 他很穷，几乎没有什么钱。
a few / a little
“有几个”、“有些”、肯定的意思
Don't worry. There is still a little time left. 别着急，还有一点儿时间呢。
few / a few
与可数名词连用或替可数的事物
little / a little
与不可数名词连用或替不可数的事物
注意：有a肯，没a否；“小样的”不可数
修饰复合不定代词的定语，应放在它们的后面。
He has nothing much to do today. 他今天没有多少事情做。
A lot of people think that time is money.
I don't have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.
a number of / large numbers of ：只修可数名词复数形式
I have a number of letters to write today.
a great deal of ： 只修不可数名词。
I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.
no one / nobody
指人，后不跟of短语，谓语用单数形式
No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.
Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.
指人也可指物，后可跟of短语，谓语可用单数也可用复数
None of my friends came to see me that day.
9. 相互代词：表示相互关系的词叫相互代词
We must hepl each other when we are in trouble. 我们身处困境时要互相帮助
They sat there without talking to one another / each other. 他们坐在那儿，互相都不说话
5. 数词
6. 副词
7. 形容词
8. 动词
9. 连词
10. 感叹词
句子（8）
5种基础简单句
1. 主 + 谓 + 宾
2. 主 + 系 + 表
3. 主 + 谓 + 双宾
4. 主 + 谓 + 宾补
5. 主 + 谓
3种高级复合句
1. 名词性从句
2. 定语从句
3. 状语从句
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