AP Psychology chapt 1
2021-09-11 15:18:48 10 举报AI智能生成
"Psychology Themes and Variations" Wayne Weiten
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Definition
the scientific study of behavior and mental process
Debates (Nativism vs. Empiricism)
Nativism
the view that certain skills and abilities are "native" at birth
Empiricism
the view that people begin life with their mind as a blank tablet (brought up by <font color="#2196f3">John Locke</font>), the mind acquires info through experiences
Debate (aka Nature vs. Nurture)
Centers on the relative contributions of <font color="#2196f3">genetic inheritance</font> and <font color="#2196f3">environmental factors</font> to human development
Debates (Dualism vs. Monism))
Dualism
the theory that mind and body are distinct and seperable
associated with <font color="#2196f3">Rene Descartes</font>
Monism
the belief that everything we perceive are the different manifestations of a single absolute entity
History
Psychology became a recognized science until 1800s
Wilhem Wundt (<font color="#2196f3">founder of psychology</font>)
Important people
Wilhelm Wundt
First to use <font color="#2196f3">scientific method</font> on psychology
1879-First formal laboratory for psychology
1881- First journal that published psychology research
Edward Titchener (student of Wundt)
Leading person for <font color="#2196f3">Structuralism</font>
Founded a lab at Cornell University
Stanley Hall (student of Wundt)
1883- Created 1st America Journal
1884- Established first research lab at John Hopkins
1892- 1st APA president
2 major schools of Psychology
Structuralism
Analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how they relate
Concern consciousness experience such as<font color="#2196f3"> sensation and perception in vision, learning and touch</font>
Depend on method of <font color="#2196f3">introspection</font>: the careful systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experience
Functionalism
The critics of Structuralism
Based on the belief that psychology should<font color="#212121"> </font><font color="#616161">investigate</font><font color="#2196f3"> the function or purpose</font> <font color="#2196f3">of consciousness</font>
William James
Believed that psychology should look at function and not just structure
Believed that psychology should explain <font color="#2196f3">how people adapted, or failed to adapt to everyday life </font><font color="#616161">out of lab</font>
Proposed the idea that mental process was not static, but <font color="#2196f3">a continuous flow of thought</font>
Functionalist began to investigate mental testing, patterns paractices, and behaviorial differences between sexes
Women in field
Mary Whiton Calkins
Studied after William James
Was<font color="#2196f3"> refused the Ph.D she earned</font> from Harvard because she was a female
Founded labs at Wellesley College
Contributed to field of memory
1st APA woman president
Margaret Floy Washburn
1st Ph.D in Psyhology for Women
Wrote "The Animal Mind"
2nd woman APA president
Dorothea Dix
Lobbied the US government to establish state hospitals for the mentally ill
Hollingworth
1st to use the word "gifted" to describe chidlren who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests
Tried to invalidate the untested beliefs about the sexes
Contributed to adolescent development
Different Perspectives
Psychoanalysis
Attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Sigmund Freud
Attributed behaviors to 3 reasons
Driven by sex and aggresion
Importance of early childhood experiences
Unconscious drives conflict and experiences that we may not even have a memory of
Notice: Psychoanalysis is the same as Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Ivan Pavlov
Research developed to the first experimental model of learning: <font color="#2196f3">classical conditioning</font><br>
His research was mostly about salivating dogs
John B. Watson
Believed that psychology should only be about <font color="#2196f3">observable events</font><br>
Stimuli from environment and how individuals response to the stimuli<br>
Experiment: Little Albert Emotional
B.F Skinner
Environmental factors mold behavior<br>
Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes<br>
Organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes<br>
Humanistic
Theoretical orientation that emphasizes <font color="#2196f3">unique qualities of human</font>
Free Will and potential for personal growth
Focuses on the present<br>
Being genuine
Carl Rogers
Individuals need 3 elements to become a better version of themselves.
<font color="#2196f3">Acceptance</font> (unconditioned positive regard)
<font color="#2196f3">Genuineness</font> (openness and self-disclosure)
<font color="#2196f3">Empathy</font> (being listened to and understood)
Maslow
Individuals strive to meet their needs on their hierarchy with <font color="#2196f3">the goal of self-actualization</font><br>
Cognitive
Stresses <font color="#2196f3">human thought</font> and the <font color="#2196f3">process of knowing</font>, such as attending, thinking, remembering<br>
Our actions are a direct result of the way we <font color="#2196f3">process information</font> from our environment
Cognitions are thoughts, expectations, perceptions, memories, and states of consciousness.
Jean Pioget
He disagreed that intelligence was a fixed trait.
Cognitive development
A process due to <font color="#2196f3">biological maturation</font> and <font color="#2196f3">interaction with environment</font>
Biological
Focuses on how our <font color="#2196f3">physical make up</font> and the <font color="#2196f3">operation of our brain</font> influence our personality, preferences, behavior patterns, and abilities.
Behavior is a result of heredity, the nervous system, and endocrine system and environmental impact (eg. Diseases)
Gathered momentum during 1950s and 1960s
Important people: Roger Sperry, Micheal Gazzaniga<br>
Psychological process relates to<font color="#2196f3"> brain's structure and system</font><br>
Methodological constrains<br>
Can't create or replicate case studies in lab<br>
Finding group of patients with exactly the same symptoms was nearly impossible<br>
Subjects of case studies are usually individuals with brain injuries <font color="#2196f3">resulting from war, accidents, or stroke and Parkinson's diease</font>
Evolutionary
Theory arised from <font color="#2196f3">Charles Darwin</font>'s theory
Psychologists see behavior and mental process in term of their <font color="#2196f3">genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction</font><br>
Survival of the fittest<br>
Focuses on <font color="#2196f3">Darwinism</font>
All species of organisms arise and develop through natural selection of small inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce<br>
Natural Selection<br>
The idea that characteristics of a species evolve in the direction of characteristics that give the fittest organisms a <font color="#2196f3">competitive advantage</font>
Examine behavior through the idea of natural selection
Behavior is adaptive and hereditary and cultural
Socialcultural
Emphasizes the importance of <font color="#2196f3">social interaction, social learning, and a cultural perspective</font><br>
Culture: a complex blend of beliefs, customs, values and traditions developed by a group of people and shared with others in the same environment
Biopsychosocial (contemporary psychology)
<font color="#2196f3">Biological influence</font> (genes, hormones, brain)<br>
<font color="#2196f3">Psychological influence</font> (emotions, learned information, cognitions)<br>
<font color="#2196f3">Social-Cultural influence</font> (other people, family, groups, media)<br>
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