化学平衡总结
2022-12-25 21:52:23 0 举报AI智能生成
关于第四章化学平衡的总结
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
电离平衡
弱电解质电离平衡
酸碱理论
电离<br><span class="equation-text" data-index="0" data-equation="\text{H}_2\text{O}\rightleftharpoons \text{H}^++\text{OH}^-" contenteditable="false"><span></span><span></span></span>
质子理论:给出质子的为酸，接受质子的为碱
电子理论：酸接受电子对，碱给出电子对
酸碱平衡建立
酸常数: <span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K_a^{\ominus}" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
碱常数: <span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K_b^{\ominus}"><span></span><span></span></span>
电离度(平衡转化率): <span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="\alpha = \sqrt{\frac{K_a^{\ominus}}{c_0/c^{\ominus}}}\times100\%"><span></span><span></span></span>
近似小技巧
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K_w^{\ominus}=K_a^{\ominus}K_b^{\ominus}=1.0\times10^{-14} \quad T=298K" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="pH = -\log\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,H}^+}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)=14-pOH" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
多元弱酸电离平衡
分步电离
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K_{a_1}^{\ominus}\gg K_{a_2}^{\ominus}\gg K_{a_3}^{\ominus}\cdots" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
平衡移动
稀释、浓缩遵循勒·沙特列原理
同理子效应 -> 平衡左移
盐效应 -> 平衡右移
缓冲溶液
概念
配置原则
难溶强电解质沉淀-溶解平衡
多相平衡建立
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="A_mB_n(s)\rightleftharpoons mA^{n+}(aq)+nB^{m-}(aq)" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
溶解度，<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="s(\text{mol}\cdot\text{dm}^{-3})"><span></span><span></span></span><div>具有浓度单位，与电离度区分</div>
<span class="equation-text" data-index="0" data-equation="K_{sp}^{\ominus}=\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,A}^{n+}}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)^{m}\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,B}^{m-}}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)^{n}=m^{m}n^{n}s^{m+n}/(c^{\ominus})^{m+n}" contenteditable="false"><span></span><span></span></span>
平衡移动（溶度积规则）
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="\Delta_rG_m=RT\ln\frac{Q}{K^{\ominus}}"><span></span><span></span></span>
同离子效应
盐效应
沉淀溶解平衡应用
反应耦合
沉淀溶解
生成弱点接
氧化还原反应
沉淀转化
溶度积小的沉淀置换溶度积大沉淀
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="aA+bB\rightleftharpoons dD+eE" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
同相
aq
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K^{\ominus}=\frac{\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,D}}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)^{d}\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,E}}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)^{e}}{\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,A}}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)^{a}\Big(\frac{c_{\text{eq,B}}}{c^{\ominus}}\Big)^{b}}" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
g
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K_p^{\ominus}=\frac{\Big(\frac{p_{\text{eq,D}}}{p^{\ominus}}\Big)^{d}\Big(\frac{p_{\text{eq,E}}}{p^{\ominus}}\Big)^{e}}{\Big(\frac{p_{\text{eq,A}}}{p^{\ominus}}\Big)^{a}\Big(\frac{p_{\text{eq,B}}}{p^{\ominus}}\Big)^{b}}" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
多相
固、液体不写入平衡常数
平衡的建立
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation=" \Delta_rG_m=0"><span></span><span></span></span> <div>反应吉布斯自由能变为零，平衡建立</div>
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="k_正=k_逆"><span></span><span></span></span> <div>正、逆反应速率相等，平衡建立</div>
<span class="equation-text" data-index="0" data-equation="\Delta_rG_m=RT\ln\frac{Q}{K^{\ominus}}" contenteditable="false"><span></span><span></span></span><div><b>平衡规则</b></div>
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="\Delta_rG_m=0，Q=K^{\ominus}, 平衡" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="\Delta_rG_m<0，Q<K^{\ominus}, 正自发" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="\Delta_rG_m>0，Q>K^{\ominus}, 逆自发" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>
平衡的移动
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="\Delta_rG_m=RT\ln\frac{Q}{K^{\ominus}}"><span></span><span></span></span>
Q 受浓度、压强影响
<span class="equation-text" contenteditable="false" data-index="0" data-equation="K^{\ominus}" style=""><span></span><span></span></span>受温度影响
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