CYTOSKELETON

don't need GTP or ATP

The&nbsp;two&nbsp;dimers&nbsp;form&nbsp;tetramers&nbsp;in&nbsp;opposite&nbsp;directions,&nbsp;so&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;tetramer-based&nbsp;intermediate&nbsp;filament&nbsp;has&nbsp;<font color="#a23c73">no&nbsp;polarity</font>

keratin

Supporting cells

Substence Transport

Cell differentiation

In&nbsp;adjacent&nbsp;cells,&nbsp;a&nbsp;connective&nbsp;structure&nbsp;is&nbsp;formed&nbsp;between&nbsp;the&nbsp;cell&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;basement&nbsp;membrane

Singaling

<font color="#ffffff">Types</font>

①&nbsp;GTP-β&nbsp;tubulin&nbsp;binding&nbsp;to&nbsp;GTP&nbsp;has&nbsp;a&nbsp;strong&nbsp;affinity&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;end&nbsp;of&nbsp;microtubule&nbsp;and&nbsp;is&nbsp;easy&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;added&nbsp;to&nbsp;form&nbsp;straight&nbsp;fibrils;

②&nbsp;Concentration&nbsp;of&nbsp;free&nbsp;GTP-tubulin&nbsp;heterodimer&nbsp;above&nbsp;critical&nbsp;concentration.&nbsp;CC),&nbsp;the&nbsp;heterodimers&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;assembled&nbsp;into&nbsp;microtubes.

③&nbsp;The&nbsp;assembly&nbsp;of&nbsp;microtubules&nbsp;mainly&nbsp;takes&nbsp;place&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;positive&nbsp;electrode.

④&nbsp;Low&nbsp;temperature,&nbsp;elevated&nbsp;Ca&nbsp;'concentration&nbsp;and&nbsp;treatment&nbsp;with&nbsp;drugs&nbsp;(e.g.&nbsp;colchicine,&nbsp;paclitaxel,&nbsp;et

paclitaxel

colchicine

Maintenance&nbsp;of&nbsp;cell&nbsp;morphology&nbsp;by&nbsp;scaffold&nbsp;action

Involved&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;transport&nbsp;of&nbsp;intracellular&nbsp;substances

Maintain&nbsp;location&nbsp;and&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;of&nbsp;organelles

Elements&nbsp;that&nbsp;make&nbsp;up&nbsp;the&nbsp;motion&nbsp;of&nbsp;cilia&nbsp;and&nbsp;flagell

Formation&nbsp;of&nbsp;spindle&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;movement&nbsp;of&nbsp;chromosome

Microfilaments&nbsp;are&nbsp;filamentous&nbsp;structures&nbsp;composed&nbsp;of&nbsp;actin&nbsp;that&nbsp;are&nbsp;thinner,&nbsp;shorter,&nbsp;but&nbsp;more&nbsp;ductile&nbsp;than&nbsp;microtubules

The&nbsp;head&nbsp;and&nbsp;tail&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;actin&nbsp;monomer&nbsp;are&nbsp;connected&nbsp;and&nbsp;polymerized&nbsp;to&nbsp;form&nbsp;actin&nbsp;fibers,&nbsp;and&nbsp;two&nbsp;parallel&nbsp;actin&nbsp;fibers&nbsp;are&nbsp;twined&nbsp;with&nbsp;each&nbsp;other&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;right-handed&nbsp;spiral&nbsp;manner&nbsp;to&nbsp;form&nbsp;microfilaments&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;diameter&nbsp;of&nbsp;about&nbsp;7nm.&nbsp;The&nbsp;pitch&nbsp;is&nbsp;36&nbsp;nm&nbsp;or&nbsp;14&nbsp;actin&nbsp;monomers,&nbsp;shaped&nbsp;like&nbsp;a&nbsp;double-stranded&nbsp;rope.&nbsp;The&nbsp;cleavage&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;actin&nbsp;monomer&nbsp;structure&nbsp;makes&nbsp;the&nbsp;protein&nbsp;itself&nbsp;polar,&nbsp;and&nbsp;it&nbsp;always&nbsp;follows&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;direction&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;assembly&nbsp;into&nbsp;the&nbsp;microfilament,&nbsp;so&nbsp;the&nbsp;microfilament&nbsp;is&nbsp;also&nbsp;<font color="#a23c73">a&nbsp;polar&nbsp;structure</font>.

Nucleation phase

Extension phase

Equilibrium phase

Phalloidal cyclic peptide

Cytochalasin

To form a scaffold for cells and maintain their&nbsp; morphology

Participate in muscle contraction

Participate in cell division to form a contractile loop (actin and troponin)

Participate in cell movement

Substance Transport

Signaling