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Animal Behavior

2016-02-17 22:43:06   0  举报

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AP动物行为章节的总结

Education

biology

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Communication

Chemical

Pheromones

Releaser Pheromone

Immediate and behavioral change

Example

Female moths attract male moths

Ants secrete it to mark trail

Primer Pheromone

Physiological change

Queen bees and termites secrete these to make workers infertile

Visual

Display of aggression

Courtship

Examples

Stickleback: Red bellies, head-up posture, zigzag motions, swimming to the nest

Male sage grouse: Groups called leks; Courship displays

Wolves: Threatening gestures

Auditory

Examples

Whales' infrasound frequencies

Related female elephants: Greeting, danger, seducing males (infrasound)

Male frogs attract females

Tactile

子主题

Foraging Behavior

Optimal foraging theory: Maximum energy gain, minimum loss and risk

Examples

Herds, flocks or schools

Concealment

Vigilance

Defense: Shield the young/ mob predator

Packs

Corner & Attack Large prey

Search images

SCAN SCAN SCAN!

Fixed Action Pattern

Fixed Series of Action against a Stimulus

Always carried out as a whole

Initiated by External Stimuli (Sign Stimuli)

If exchanged between same species → Releaser

Examples

Birds

Baby bird: (See an adult bird nearby) Head up and beg

Adult bird: (See baby bird beg for food) Stuff food

Stickleback Fish

(Red underbelly)

ATTACK

Learning

Habituation

Loss of response to a stimulus after repeated exposure

Imprinting

Irreversible

Limited to a sensitive period of life

Examples

Ducklings: Follow the first creature it saw

Geese: Follow the first thing it sees that moves

Spatial Learning

Kinesis

Random movement in response to a stimulus

Slow down if favorable; Speed up if unfavorable

Example

Lift a rock -- Animals move about -- Unfavorable

Taxis (Plural Taxes)

Directed movement

Towards or away

Examples

Moth towards Light

Mosquitoes towards Lactic acid and CO2

Associative Learning

One stimulus linked with another thorough experience

Examples

Classical Conditioning

Dogs salivate Hear Bell

Operant Conditioning

Trial and Error

Associate one behavior with rewards or punishments

Experiment

Rat and Lever that releases food: Only press in accident → Constantly

FORGETTABLE!

If the action does not elicit expected results

Forgetting period "Extinction"

Social Learning

Employs observation and imitation from others

Social Behavior

Cooperation

As a group

Agonistic Behavior

Aggressive behavior

Ritualistic or Symbolic

Dominance Hierachies

Each animal threatens all animals beneath it in the hierachy

Territoriality

One individual; Seclude the community

For capturing food, mating, raising

Defended by agonistic behavior

Altruism

Reduces individual's reproductive fitness → Increase fitness of the family

Example

Bee stings intruder and dies

Kin selection

Kins are recipients of altruistic actions

Carry the same genes

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