Animal Behavior
2016-02-17 22:43:06 0 举报AI智能生成
AP动物行为章节的总结
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
Communication
Chemical
Pheromones
Releaser Pheromone
Immediate and behavioral change
Example
Female moths attract male moths
Ants secrete it to mark trail
Primer Pheromone
Physiological change
Queen bees and termites secrete these to make workers infertile
Visual
Display of aggression
Courtship
Examples
Stickleback: Red bellies, head-up posture, zigzag motions, swimming to the nest
Male sage grouse: Groups called leks; Courship displays
Wolves: Threatening gestures
Auditory
Examples
Whales' infrasound frequencies
Related female elephants: Greeting, danger, seducing males (infrasound)
Male frogs attract females
Tactile
子主题
Foraging Behavior
Optimal foraging theory: Maximum energy gain, minimum loss and risk
Examples
Herds, flocks or schools
Concealment
Vigilance
Defense: Shield the young/ mob predator
Packs
Corner & Attack Large prey
Search images
SCAN SCAN SCAN!
Fixed Action Pattern
Fixed Series of Action against a Stimulus
Always carried out as a whole
Initiated by External Stimuli (Sign Stimuli)
If exchanged between same species → Releaser
Examples
Birds
Baby bird: (See an adult bird nearby) Head up and beg
Adult bird: (See baby bird beg for food) Stuff food
Stickleback Fish
(Red underbelly)
ATTACK
Learning
Habituation
Loss of response to a stimulus after repeated exposure
Imprinting
Irreversible
Limited to a sensitive period of life
Examples
Ducklings: Follow the first creature it saw
Geese: Follow the first thing it sees that moves
Spatial Learning
Kinesis
Random movement in response to a stimulus
Slow down if favorable; Speed up if unfavorable
Example
Lift a rock -- Animals move about -- Unfavorable
Taxis (Plural Taxes)
Directed movement
Towards or away
Examples
Moth towards Light
Mosquitoes towards Lactic acid and CO2
Associative Learning
One stimulus linked with another thorough experience
Examples
Classical Conditioning
Dogs salivate Hear Bell
Operant Conditioning
Trial and Error
Associate one behavior with rewards or punishments
Experiment
Rat and Lever that releases food: Only press in accident → Constantly
FORGETTABLE!
If the action does not elicit expected results
Forgetting period "Extinction"
Social Learning
Employs observation and imitation from others
Social Behavior
Cooperation
As a group
Agonistic Behavior
Aggressive behavior
Ritualistic or Symbolic
Dominance Hierachies
Each animal threatens all animals beneath it in the hierachy
Territoriality
One individual; Seclude the community
For capturing food, mating, raising
Defended by agonistic behavior
Altruism
Reduces individual's reproductive fitness → Increase fitness of the family
Example
Bee stings intruder and dies
Kin selection
Kins are recipients of altruistic actions
Carry the same genes
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