第七天突破英语的被动语态和助动词以及情态动词
2016-11-07 15:52:35 0 举报AI智能生成
十二天突破英语语法，武峰著
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被动语态
语态
是英语中一个语法范畴。它主要表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语中的语态可以分为两大类，即主动语态和被动语态。
被动语态
定义
是受动者处于主语位置上，而谓语位置上由be+过去分词构成的一种语态。 e.g.: I was invited to your birthday party.我被邀请参加你的生日晚会。 Henry has been wanted on the phone several times.亨利已经有几个电话找亨利了。
构成
被动语态是由"be+过去分词"构成。e.g.: The classroom is being cleaned by us.教室正在被我们打扫。 The project has already been finished.这项工程已经完成了。 They were killed in the accident.他们在这场事故中丧身了。
主动语态变被动语态的方法
遵循以下的规律：”主（语）变宾（语），宾（语）变主（语），动词变'be+done'，其余部分带下来。“
几种特殊句型的被动语态
含有双宾语的被动语态
e.g.: I gave him a pen. 主语：i；住，动词：gave；间接宾语：him；直接宾语：a pen。 本句有两种变法，即可以将间接宾语变成主语，也可以把直接宾语变成主语。 You were given a pen./A pen was given to you. Tips：将直接宾语变成主语，要用to来连接动词和间接宾语（宾格形式），切不可省略。
含有复合宾语的被动语态
e.g.: We elected him our president. 主语：we；动词：elected；宾语：him；宾语补足语：our president。按照变化规律本句应变化为：He was elected our president by us. 有些情况下，要用to来连接宾语补足语和动词。e.g.:I made the door open./The door was made to open. Tips：在本句中，make是使役动词（包括感官动词），他后接不加to的不定式作宾语补足语，变成被动语态时要将to还原，不可省略。e.g.: She saw me walk along the street./I was seen to walk along the street.
含有情态动词的被动语态
e.g.: He need look after his mother in the hospital.按照变化规律本句应变化为： His mother need be looked aftered in the hospital. 含有情态动词的句子变被动语态的规律是：情态动词+be+动词原形。 You must finish this job tonight./This job must be finished tonight.
含有动词词组的被动语态
e.g.: He looked at the picture.按照变化规律本句应变化为：The picture was looked at by him.
含有宾语从句的被动语态
e.g.: I think that she is a nurse.如果按照变化规律变化本句的话，宾语是一个句子，而不是词。这时可以有以下两种变化方法：①将宾语从句中的主语看着宾语而进行变化，即：She is thought to be a nurse by me.（ Tips：其实这也就是英语当中be done to do的结构。)②将宾语从句用it这个形式主语来代替而进行变化，即： It is thought that she is a nurse by me.（Tips：实际上，这也就是英语中主语从句的形成方式，比方说我们有：It is reported/thought/said/guessed/believed that… ) We said that he had been rich.此句有两种变化方法：He was said to have been rich./It was said that he had been rich.
含有被动意义的主动语态的句型
含有联系动词的句子
e.g.: The cloth feels soft.这块布摸起来很柔软。（实际上，”布“是被”摸“的。 The songs hear very beautiful.这些歌曲听起来很优美。(实际上，”歌曲“是被”听“的。
某些可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如：read,sell,wash,draw,cook等。e.g.:The book sold well.这本书很畅销。(实际上，”书“是被”卖“的。The shoes wore out several days.这双鞋穿坏几天了。（实际上，”鞋“是被”穿坏“的。
系表结构和被动语态的区别
系表结构是be动词+表语（可以是过去分词构成的形容词）；被动语态是be动词+动词过去分词。 e.g.: The door is closed.如果说这句话是系表结构，他的意思是”门关着“；嗯，如果说这句话是被动语态，他的意思是”门被关上“，最好区别它们的方法是根据具体情况和上下文的语境。
助动词
助动词是帮助实义动词形成时态，语态和语气的一类动词。它本身无意义，要与动词的各种形式结合，才有完整意义。
be动词
①be动词的一般式和现在分词构成现在进行时态。e.g.: We are climbing the mountain. 他们正在爬山。 They are doing their homework.他们正在做家庭作业。 ②be动词的过去式和现在分词构成过去进行时态。e.g.:The river was being polluted by the factories.这条河正在被工厂污染。They were sleeping when it began to rain.当开始下雨时，他们正在睡觉。 ③be动词和过去分词构成被动语态。e.g.: The room has never been entered by anyone.这间房从未有人进去过。We were always bothered by this people.我们总是被这些人打扰。
have动词
①have可以是实意动词，表示”拥有“，”举行“等含义。e.g.:I have a beautiful box.我有个很漂亮的盒子。We will have our sports meeting this afternoon.我们今天下午举行体育运动会。 ②have动词和动词过去分词构成现在完成时和过去完成时以及将来完成时。e.g.:We have already passed this exam.我们已经通过这次考试。He said he had had to go to work.他说他不得不去工作。By 2019,our factorywill have produced more missiles.2019年，我们厂将生产更多的导弹。 ③have动词还可以形成三个经典的短语。a、have something done 使某事情被做 e.g.:I have my hair cut three days ago.我三天前把头发剪了。（在这里表示被动语态，头发不能自己剪，而是要被减） b、have somebody do 让某人做某事 e.g.: I have you wait for me now.我正让他等我。（在这里，have是使役动词的用法）c、have somebody doing 使某人保持某种状态 e.g.: I have her waiting for me for a long time.我让他一直等了很久。
shall(should)和will(would)
shall(should)和will(would)和动词原形构成一般将来时和过去将来时。e.g.: Bruce will attened a meeting in Shanghai next year.布鲁斯明年将要参加在上海的一个重要会议。We shall deal with this affair.他们将处理好这件事。I said i should go to school first.我说我要先去上学。Tom said he would listen to the music.他们说他要听音乐。
do动词
①do动词的各种形式构成各种疑问句。e.g.: Do you want to go home?你想回家吗？ Did they really spend this money? 他们真花了这些钱吗？ What did she do? 他是干什么的？ ②do构成各种否定句。e.g.:He doesn't work hard.他工作不努力。She didn't like shopping. ③do动词构成强调句型。e.g.: I do love you forever.我会爱你到永远。Do sit down!请坐下!
情态动词
can，could和be able to
can的用法
①表示某种能力。e.g.: A bird can fly.②表示允许。e.g.: You can go now. Can i borrow your pen?我能借你的钢笔吗？③表示请求、命令等。e.g.: Can i help you?我能帮你什么？Could you help me?
could的用法
could实际上是can的过去式，也可以说是can的委婉说法。①用于过去时态中，特别是间接引语中可以表示 can的过去式。e.g.: She said she could finish this job in a short time.她说她一会儿就能把这个工作做完了。My sister told me that she could once eat five apples.我的姐姐告诉我，她能一口气吃下五个苹果。 ②表示can的委婉说法。e.g.: Could you lend me a pen?你能借我一支钢笔吗？
be able to的用法
用于表示”能够“。e.g.: He is able to pass CET-6.他会通过英语六级考试的。Tips: be able to与can的区别在于，前者有更多的时态变化，而后者没有。e.g.: When he was 6 years old,he was able to swim very well.他六岁的时候能游泳游得很好了。
，
may的用法
①用于表示可能。e.g.: It may be cloudy tomorrow.明天可能多云。What he said may be true.他说的可能是真的。②用于表示允许。e.g.: You may go now.你现在可以走了。May i use your rubber?
might的用法
might是may的过去式，也可以说是may的委婉用法。①用于表示may的过去式，用于过去将来时。 e.g.: ①She said he might telephone her at once.她说他马上给她打电话。His mother said she might go to the school to see the teacher.她妈妈说她去学校见老师了。②用于疑问句中表示委婉说法。 e.g.: Might she go with us?她可以和我们一起吗？
must和have to
must和have to都表示”必须“，前者多表示主观，且动词形式较少；后者表示客观，动词形式较多。
must的用法
①表示必然性。e.g.: He must be a worker.他是个工人。We must make contributions to our society.我必须为我们的社会作出贡献。②表示义务或强制。e.g.: You must catch the robbers.你们必须抓住歹徒。 He must remember to write home.他要记住写信回家。③用于疑问句时问答如下。e.g.: Must i go now?我必须走吗？Yes,you must./No,you don't have to.（No,you needn't.）不，你不必要走。
have to的用法
①可用于各种时态，语态中，形式较多。e.g.: You can not imagine that they will have to do so much work.你难以想象，他们将不得不做这么多工作。Due to SARS people here had to go out seldom.由于”非典“这儿的人不得不少外出。②表示客观需要，而非主观愿望。e.g.: It is too late,and we have to go home now.太晚了，我们必须要回家了。
should 和ought to
都表示有义务做某事，前者加动词原形；后者加不定式；他们都不及must那样具有信心。e.g.: We should understand the fact that we should work hard to our country.我们必须明白，我们必须为祖国努力工作。You ought to tell the truth to your mother.你要把真相告诉你妈妈。They ought to run so quickly.他们不得不快跑。
shall 和should
shall的用法
用于第一人称表示意愿。e.g.: I shall leave Shanghai for Tokyo.我要从上海到东京。We shall do this job for 5 years.我们做这项工作要五年时间。
should用法
①用于表示shall的过去式，用于过去将来时。e.g.: We said we should go to Taiwan to have a visit.我们说准备去台湾旅游。②也可以表示”有义务做某事“。
will和would
will的用法
①用于各种人称，表示意愿、意图。e.g.: He will attend a very important meeting in Hangzhou.他将要在杭州参加一个很重要的会议。Xiaoli will take photo of you.小李要给你照相。②用于”will you please…?"表示请求。e.g.: Will you please pass me the paper?请你把纸递给我好吗？Will you please open the window?请你打开窗好吗？
would的用法
①用于will的过去形式，常用于过去将来时。e.g.: They exclaimed that they would give a lesson to U.S.他们宣称将要教训一下美国。She often said she would go abroad when she studied at college.当她上大学时候，她经常说她要去国外。②用于表示过去常常做某事，见”一般过去时“中的说明部分。
dare 和need
①dare表示”敢“，（作为情态动词时）后接动词原形，（作为实义动词时）以后也可接不定式。 e.g.: She dare go alone in the evening./She dares to go alone in the evening.她敢晚上单独行走。Tips:他们的肯定句无区别，但上面的否定句和疑问句则有区别。a、否定句：She dare not go alone in the evening.（dare情态动词）She doesn't dare to go alone in the evening.（dare为实义动词） b、疑问句：Dare she go alone in the evening?Yes,she dare./No,she dare not.（dare为情态动词） Does she dare to go alone in the evening?Yes,she does./No,she does not.（dare为实义动词） need和dare的用法完全一致。
”情态动词+现在完成体“
表示对过去情况的推测，这包括以下几种情况。 ①must have+过去分词，表示对过去情况的肯定推测。 He must have passed the exam.他肯定通过了考试。（表示对过去情况的肯定） ②should have+过去分词，表示过去有义务做某事而未做。She should have finished the housework.她应该做完了家务。（表示她有义务做家务事，而她未作，一种委婉的批评） ③ought to have+过去分词，表示过去有义务做某事而未做。 ④need have+过去分词，表示过去有必要做某事而未做。You need not have carried so heavy box.你没必要搬这么重的箱子。（表示本不必要搬这么重的箱子搬了） ⑤may(might) have+过去分词，表示过去有可能做某事而未做。He might have done it very well.他本来可以做得很好的。（表示他本可以做得好，而未作，表示一种委婉的批评） ⑥could have+过去分词，表示过去有能力做某事而未做。The sports meeting could have been held yesterday.运动会可能昨天举行过了。（表示过去有可能举行的运动会）
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