Invasions and Conquests
2016-11-18 20:57:19 0 举报AI智能生成
Invasions and Conquests，这是一个充满战争与征服的历史篇章。它描绘了无数文明的崛起、衰落和更迭，展现了人类历史的冲突与和解。在这些战争中，英勇的士兵、智慧的领导者和坚韧的民众共同塑造了世界的面貌。然而，这些征服并非总是带来和平与繁荣，有时它们也带来了破坏与苦难。尽管如此，Invasions and Conquests仍然是我们理解人类历史和文化演变的重要途径。
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
Outcome in Religion of three conquests
First , in western Europe a melding of German and Old Roman and Christian
Second, in England a complete German takeover and then a reconversion to christianity
Third, in the Muslim world - in the Middle East,the North Africa and Spain --Christianity died out but Greek learning was preserved and transmitted to Christian Europe
German Invasions
Fall of the Western Rome ( 476AD)
an unusual invasion
1.There wasn't a massing of Barbarians on the borders,a steady advance southwards 2 There wasn't the Romans retreating,a last-ditch stand at Rome.
Reason of Falling
the short-live incursion of Rome let Germans know more about Rome .
the instability in the rule of Rome ; many emperors came and went very quickly and very little resistance was offered to the invaders.
the form of Invasion
Inadvertently conquered
not a massive invasion
Germans driving the existing inhabitants before them
not a raid of male worriors
The Germans brought their family with them and intended to settle.
the aim of Invasions
The Germans had no desire to take over the empire.→ invaders who didn't intend to be conquerors.
to get part of the loot
to settle on land and to live well
afterwards
the Greek-speaking half survived for another 1000 years
Capital: Constantinople ( used to be Byzantine)→ also named as The Byzantine Empire
Rome tried to stop the marauding through their territories but failed and Germans remained in more or less independent enclaves.
For a long time the invaders of Italy propped up a Roman as emperor
Odoacer （a German chieftain) decided to rule openly himself in 476. He didn't call himself emperor but King of Italy
were captured by the glory of what they have conquered
still acknowledged the overlordship of the Eastern Rome
Instead of an empire in the west , German tribes set up a series of mini-kingdoms whose kings were not experienced in running any sort of settled state
rose and fell rapidly
unable to maintain the old Roman administration
turned to old Roman landed class and the bishops for help
contrast between Rome and German
Law
The Romans established guilt or innocence by the examination of evidence and witness.
German law in northern Frace
The Germans in trial by ordeal of fire,water,or battle.
Roman law held greater say in the mix in Italy and southern France
Religion
Rome
Christianity
How : easy access (baptismal)
Why: will tell u how to be saved → comfort ones fear of death
What: God-Church-Jesus-Holy spirit
German
Arianism → Christianity
Arianism was considered as a heretical version to christianity
the Germans became Christians soon after the invasion
Arianism believed that since Jesus was son of God , he must be a lesser person and couldn't be the equal of God
For a time it was strong in the east and was carried to the Germans by the missionary.
the official religion of the Roman Empire and its church survived and both were embraced by the invaders.
the foundation point of European civilization
German warriors supported a Roman Christian church which preserved Greek and Roman leraning
Culture
Rome
Provinces & Burecracy
German
Warrior culture
the Kingdom of the Franks 800AD
only one German tribe in the west produced a long-lasting state
cover modern Fance and parts of Germany,Spain and Italy.
reached the greatest extent under the rule of Charles the Great ( Charlemagne).
the kingdom broke up after his death
Invasion of Britain
Most of modern England was in the Roman Empire except Scotland
The Romans went to Britain late and departed early to defend the empire against the Germans
native society of the Britons was still intact
Celtic language survived
German peoples-- the Angels ; Saxons and Jutes crossed the Channel and invaded England
the Britons were over-run and their societies survived only in Scotland,Wales and Cornwall
Religion
they were all not Christians of any sort .
missionaries from Ireland and Rome went to England to connect these newcomers to Christianity
Norsemen\Vikings Invasions
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Islamic\Muslims Invasions
Islamic religion
founder:Muhammad
Identity: A merchant in Arabia who received visions from God.
an offshoot of Judaism and Christianity
Islam accepts Jesus and the Jewish prophets before him as true prophets but claims Muhammad is the last of the prophets and the true guide of Allah,the one god
Relationship between Islamic and Christianity
Islam were quite tolerable of Christianity and Jwes
Christians regarded Muslims as deceives and destroyers of the true faith
Spreading method
by conquering its pagan tribes and forcing them to submit
difference between Muhammad and Jesus
Muhammad was a more influential figure than Jesus in his life
Muhammad founded a religion and established it in a wide territory
At the time of Jesus's death,there was nothing of Christianity
After Muhammad's death , his followers continued the conquests with even greater success.
Conquests
After Muhammad's death his followers conquered tribes and established stats the Persian Empire
then a good dealof the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle East and North Africa.
then continued westwards along North Africa,now conquering states that had been established by German invaders
then crossed into Spain ( used to be a Roman province,then was invaded by Visigoths )
A Muslim army advanced well into France but was defeated at Tours by Charles Martel
The Frank saved Europe for Christianity
How to deal with Christianity
allowed Christians to continue their worship but as nonbelievers they had to pay a tax which Muslims didn't pay
an incentive to convert to Islam
gradually Christianity died out in these lands
Rule about tax changed and everyone paid a tax
outcome in Spain
in the Middle Ages Spain under Muslim rule became the most civilised part of Europe
Why
On their journey of conquest , the illiterate Arab tribesmen had learnt from the people they conquered
From the Persians and Greeks in the Byzantine Empire
the Arabs carried the Greek learning with them to Spain,recorded and elaborated on it
also allowed scholars from northern Europe to come and make copies
The translators(often Jews), one person reading the document in Arabic( into which it had been previously translated from the Greek) translated it aloud into Spanish .A second person hearing the Spanish mad a written draft in Latin.
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