皮肤性病学
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皮肤性病学复习笔记
医学
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总论
皮肤的结构与功能
皮肤
表皮
角质形成细胞
基底层
表皮通过时间(更替时间)
角质形成细胞从基底层细胞开始分裂、分化成熟并最终从角质层脱落是一个精密调控的过程,新生的角质形成细胞有序地逐渐向上移动,由基底层移行至颗粒层约需14天,再移行至角质层表面并脱落又需14天,共需28天,称为表皮通过时间。
棘层
棘层上部细胞胞质内散在分布直径为100-300nm的包膜颗粒,称角质小体或Odland小体,将脂质前体输送到角质细胞间隙。
颗粒层
富含深嗜碱性的【透明角质细胞】,可产生许多皮肤屏障相关蛋白。
透明层
仅见于掌趾等角质层肥厚的表皮
角质层
树突状细胞
黑素细胞(melanocyte)、朗格汉斯细胞(Langerhans cell)、梅克尔细胞(Merkel cell)
表皮黑素单元
一个黑素细胞可以通过其树枝状突起向周围约10-36个角质形成细胞提供黑素,称为一个表皮黑素单元
人体肤色的种族差异由【黑素小体的数量和大小】决定,不同种族人群【黑素细胞的数量和分布】无明显差异。
Merkel cell➡️触觉感觉细胞
基底膜带(BMZ)
PAS染色:紫红色均质带;银染:黑色
无细胞成分,有屏障功能
基底膜带的异常可导致真皮与表皮分离,形成【表皮下水疱】或【大疱】
真皮
真皮由浅至深可分为【乳头层】和【网织层】
【胶原纤维广泛粘连】、【弹力纤维水分丢失】,引起皱纹
皮下组织
皮肤附属器
汗腺
外泌汗腺(小汗腺)
由【分泌部】和【导管】组成,开口于【汗孔】,几乎分布于整个人体表面,排汗受【胆碱能神经】支配
顶泌汗腺(大汗腺)
由【分泌部】和【导管】组成,开口于【毛囊】,主要分布在腋窝、乳晕、脐周、会阴部,偶见于面部、头皮、躯干,顶泌汗腺的分泌受【性激素】支配,进入青春期后发育,其分泌物无色无味。
皮脂腺
毛发
生长期、退行期、休止期
长毛、短毛、毳毛
毛干、毛根
毛囊、毛球
甲
人体最大的皮肤附属器
皮肤病的症状、体征与皮肤病诊断
皮肤病的局部症状:【瘙痒、疼痛、烧灼、麻木感】
皮肤病的基本损害(体征)
原发性损害
斑疹
皮肤黏膜的局限性颜色改变,既无隆起亦无凹陷,触觉不能感知,直径<1cm。直径>1cm称为斑片
丘疹
浅表性、局限性、实质性、直径<1cm的隆起性皮损。直径>1cm称斑块
水疱和大疱
隆起性、局限性、内含液体的腔隙性皮损,直径<1cm。直径>1cm称大疱
脓疱
隆起性、局限性、内含脓液的腔隙性皮损
囊肿
含有液体/黏稠物/细胞成分的囊性皮损
结节
深在性、局限性、实质性皮损,圆形或椭圆形,隆起或不隆起,触之有一定硬度或浸润感
风团
暂时性、隆起性皮损,由真皮浅层水肿引起
继发性损害
鳞屑
表皮细胞形成过快或正常角化过程受干扰形成的干燥或油腻的角质层细胞层状堆积
痂
由皮损中的浆液、脓液、血液与脱落组织、药物等混合干涸后凝结而成
糜烂
局限性表皮或黏膜上皮缺损形成,常由水疱、脓疱破裂或浸渍处表皮脱落所致
溃疡
局限性皮肤或黏膜缺损形成的创面,深达真皮或更深位置
皲裂
线状的皮肤裂口,深达真皮,常因皮肤炎症、角质层增厚或皮肤干燥导致皮肤弹性降低、脆性增加,牵拉后引起
浸渍
皮肤角质层吸收较多水分后变软变白,常见于长时间浸水或处于潮湿状态下的皮肤,如指、趾缝等皱褶处
瘢痕
真皮或深部组织损伤后,由新生结缔组织修复而成,可分为增生性和萎缩性两类
萎缩
因表皮、真皮、皮下组织减少所致的皮肤变薄
抓痕
又称表皮剥脱,为线状或点状的表皮或深达真皮浅层的剥脱性缺损,常因搔抓、划破或摩擦等机械性损伤所致
苔藓样变
因反复搔抓、摩擦导致的皮肤局限性粗糙增厚,表现为皮嵴隆起、皮沟加深、皮损界限清楚
坏死与坏疽
皮肤及皮下甚至更深组织因缺血而导致的变化;坏死多为微血管病变造成的小范围组织坏死,坏疽多为较大血管病变造成的大面积皮肤或皮下软组织坏死,表现为局部组织变黑、萎缩,大面积坏疽还伴有温度降低,感觉消失。
免疫病理学检查
适应症
大疱性皮肤病、结缔组织病
方法及原理
直接免疫荧光
检测病变组织中存在的抗体或补体
间接免疫荧光
检测血清中存在的循环自身抗体
皮肤病的治疗
外用药
剂型
溶剂、酊剂和醑剂、粉剂、洗剂、油剂、乳剂、软膏、糊剂、硬膏、凝胶、气雾剂、涂膜剂
常用药
糖皮质激素、维A酸类、抗菌剂、抗真菌剂、抗病毒剂、杀虫剂、遮光剂、脱色剂、清洁剂、保护剂、止痒剂..
醋酸氢化可的松、全反式维A酸、硼酸溶液、酮康唑、水杨酸、冰醋酸、滑石粉、炉甘石洗剂、二氧化钛、氧化锌、硫黄、尿素等
用药原则:剂型选择、药物选择、注意事项;干对干、湿对湿
<br>
系统用药
抗组胺药
H1受体拮抗剂
一代
易透过血脑屏障,导致【乏力、困倦、头晕、注意力不集中】;青光眼、前列腺肥大🈲🚫禁用🚫
氨苯那敏、苯海拉明(扑尔敏)、异丙嗪、酮替芬
二代
氯雷他定(开瑞坦)、咪唑斯汀
糖皮质激素
换算表P48;氢化可的松20;泼尼松5;甲泼尼龙、曲安西龙4;地塞米松0.75;倍他米松0.5
泼尼松<30mg/d小剂量;30-60mg/d中剂量;>60mg/d大剂量
维A酸类药物
抗菌药、抗真菌药、免疫抑制剂、免疫调节剂、细胞因子激动剂与拮抗剂、维生素类药物、其他
病毒性皮肤病
病毒性皮肤病的典型皮损表现:【新生物型】、【疱疹型】、【红斑发疹型】
单纯疱疹
特征
簇集性水疱;病因分类:I型(HSV-I)、II型(HSV-II);临床表现:原发感染、复发(同一区域,多次复发);诊断:病毒培养鉴定(金标准)<br>
临床表现
皮肤黏膜型
口唇疱疹
最常见
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">0️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">常常继发于感冒或发热后</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">初起局部先有灼热、瘙痒、潮红</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">1-2小时后局部出现密集成群针头大小水疱,破溃后糜烂、渗液、逐渐干燥结痂</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损好发于皮肤黏膜交界处,如口角唇缘</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病程约7-10天</span></p>
颜面疱疹
发生于面部各处,同一部位反复发作
疱疹性龈口炎
接种性疱疹
疱疹性角膜结膜炎
生殖器疱疹
系统型
新生儿单纯疱疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">HSV-II母婴传播</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">出生后4-6天发病</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">全身表现:喂养困难、高热、肝脾肿大、黄疸,严重者意识障碍</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮肤、口腔黏膜、结膜出现水疱、糜烂</span></p>
分类:【皮肤-眼-口腔局限型】、【中枢神经系统型】、【播散型】
播散性单纯疱疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">免疫低下人群</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">伴有高热、惊厥、病毒血症、广泛内脏受累</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮肤黏膜表现为广泛性水疱,水疱顶端脐窝状凹陷</span></p>
治疗原则
缩短病程、预防继发细菌感染和全身播散、减少复发频率和疾病传播
水痘
带状疱疹
水痘-带状疱疹病毒(VZV),一般不复发
典型表现
低热;红斑、簇状水疱;身体一侧不超过正中线;神经痛
特殊表现
Ramsay-Hunt综合征
膝状神经节受累同时侵犯面神经的感觉和运动神经纤维时,可出现【面瘫、耳痛及外耳道疱疹】三联征,称为带状疱疹面瘫综合征。
带状疱疹相关性疼痛(ZAP)
带状疱疹后神经痛(PHN)
皮损消退后神经痛持续存在超过3个月
治疗原则
抗病毒、止痛、消炎、防止并发症
细菌性皮肤病
脓疱疮
非大疱型脓疱疮
S.aureus
口周、外鼻孔、耳郭、四肢等暴露部位多见
红斑、丘疹➡️脓疱➡️糜烂➡️蜜黄色厚痂➡️不留疤痕
大疱型脓疱疮
S.aureus
半月积脓
深脓疱疮
乙型溶血链
小腿或臀部
蛎壳状黑色厚痂,“腿上留疤”
新生儿脓疱疮
S.aureus
大脓疱➡️红色糜烂面➡️败血症
并发【肺炎、脑膜炎、葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征(SSSS)】
丹毒
葡萄球菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征
病原菌:凝固酶阳性S.aureus,释放【表皮剥脱毒素】
表皮剥脱似烫伤、口周放射状皲裂、不累及口腔黏膜、尼氏征阳性;触痛、拒抱;细菌培养
真菌性皮肤病
体癣与股癣
手癣与足癣
分类
【浸渍糜烂型】、【水疱鳞屑型】、【角化过度型】
甲真菌病
分类
【远端侧位甲下型】、【近端甲下型】、【白色浅表型】、【甲板内型】、【全甲损毁型】
头皮癣
定义
头癣是指头皮、头发及毛囊的皮肤癣菌感染
分类:黄癣、白癣、黑点癣、脓癣
<br>
治疗:【服洗剃搽煮】服药、搽药、洗头、剪发、消毒
寄生虫皮肤病
疥疮
临床表现
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><span style="font-kerning: none">疥螨常既寄生于皮肤较薄而柔软的部位</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">指间有丘疹、丘疱疹和隧道</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">夜间剧痒</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">疥疮结节</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">(部分男性患者在阴囊、阴茎处可见淡红色或红褐色,绿豆至黄豆大结节,有剧痒)</span></p>
挪威疥
<br>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">挪威疥是一种严重的疥疮,多发生于身体虚弱、免疫功能低下的病人,</span></p><br><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">其特点是【皮疹广泛、皮肤干燥、结痂、脱屑感染严重、局部淋巴结肿大,往往有特殊臭味】。</span></p>
STD
定义
STD是主要通过性传播、类似性行为及间接接触传播的一组传染性疾病
尖锐湿疣
性接触直接传播/病毒污染物间接传播(老人、儿童)
淋病
性传播,潜伏期3-5d
淋病奈瑟菌:G-双球菌,肾形或卵圆形,胞内寄生,巧克力琼脂
所有STD病原体几乎都是:①耐低温②高热敏感③消毒剂敏感
男淋:黄白色脓性、量多、从尿道口溢出(男淋女衣)
播散性淋球菌病
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">淋球菌侵入血液引起菌血症</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC'; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68);">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">发热、寒战、全身不适</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC'; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68);">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">关节炎-皮炎综合征</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">(肢端出血性或脓疱性皮疹,手指、腕、踝等小关节出现关节痛、腱鞘炎、化脓性关节炎)</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';">
</p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC'; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68);">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">淋球菌性脑膜炎、心内膜炎</span></p>
治疗
头孢曲松(淋必治);头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类
衣原体
性传播,潜伏期1-3周
男衣:浆液性、量少、糊口现象
Reiter综合征
【尿道炎、结膜炎、关节炎】三联征,多发于HLA-B27阳性男性,与沙眼衣原体感染有关
治疗
阿奇霉素7-10天;多西环素、米诺环素
淋病与非淋的鉴别?
<br>
梅毒
性传播、母婴传播、血液传播、接触传播
临床表现
获得性梅毒
一期梅毒
【硬下疳】、【硬化性淋巴结炎】
二期梅毒
【二期早发梅毒疹】(包括掌跖梅毒疹[领圈状脱屑]、扁平湿疣)、虫蚀状脱发
晚期梅毒
【结节性梅毒疹】、【梅毒样树胶肿】
胎传梅毒
早期胎传梅毒
皮肤黏膜损害、梅毒性鼻炎(鞍鼻)、骨损害(梅毒性假瘫)、内脏损害、早期先天神经梅毒(脑膜炎)
晚期胎传梅毒
Hutchinson三联征(间质性角膜炎、Hutchinson齿、神经性耳聋)
先天潜伏梅毒
梅毒血清学试验
非TP抗原血清试验(RPR)
抗心磷脂抗体
判断梅毒复发再感染,适用于梅毒感染者病情和疗效的观察
前带现象
2%的二期梅毒患者由于抗心磷脂抗体滴度过高,干扰正常的抗原抗体反应,导致未经稀释的血清非TP抗原血清试验呈现弱阳性或阴性反应,但血清经过稀释后呈现阳性反应或反应增强,称为前带现象。
梅毒血清学固定
梅毒患者治疗后临床症状消失,但非TP抗原血清试验在6-9个月内无4倍以上的滴度下降或在2年以内不阴转,称为梅毒血清学固定。
原因:神经梅毒、复发感染、免疫抑制、潜伏活性病变;如筛查不出原因,不具传染性,可生育,定期随访
TP抗原血清试验(TPPA)
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">敏感性和特异性均高,极少数在自身免疫性疾病和恶性肿瘤中出现假阳性;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">用于梅毒的筛查和确诊,可以筛查出既往治疗过、未经治疗或治疗不充分的梅毒患者;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">常呈持久阳性,不用于疗效判断。</span></p>
治疗
青霉素G
吉海反应
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">Jarish-Herxheimer Reaction,梅毒患者接受高效抗TP药物治疗后,TP被迅速杀死释放出大量【异种蛋白】,引起机体发生急性发热性反应,通常发生在初次治疗后24小时内,表现为【寒战、发热、头痛、呼吸加快、心动过速、全身不适及原发疾病的病情加重】,一般持续12-24小时,严重时甚至发生主动脉破裂。预防:治疗前应用中小剂量【糖皮质激素】3天。</span></p>
皮炎湿疹
接触性皮炎
分类
【刺激性接触性皮炎】、【变应性接触性皮炎】
外用治疗
急性期3%硼酸溶液冷湿敷,亚急性期外用糖皮质激素霜剂
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">接触性皮炎与湿疹的鉴别点:</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">急性湿疹病因不明确,皮损常泛发、对称、呈多形性,慢性病程,有复发倾向</span></p>
湿疹
定义
由多种内、外因素引起的真皮浅层与表皮炎症,病因复杂、皮疹多样、渗出倾向、瘙痒剧烈
特应性皮炎
诊断标准
1️⃣2岁前发病2️⃣屈侧皮肤湿疹史3️⃣全身皮肤干燥史4️⃣哮喘或过敏性鼻炎史
治疗原则
恢复皮肤正常屏障功能,寻找并去除诱发和加重因素、减轻或缓解症状
分类性湿疹
<br>
脂溢性皮炎、手部湿疹、乳房湿疹、阴囊或女阴湿疹、汗疱疹、淤滞性皮炎
荨麻疹
定义
荨麻疹是由于皮肤黏膜小血管暂时扩张和通透性增加而发生的一种局限性血管反应,临床表现为风团,常伴有剧烈瘙痒。其特点是:速起速消、消退后不留痕迹、瘙痒。
病因
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">外源性:</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">食物及食品添加剂、药物、感染、吸入物、物理因素</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">内源性:</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">精神因素、系统性疾病、免疫异常</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji';"><span style="font-kerning: none">3️⃣</span><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">特发性</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">组胺释放因子或肥大细胞高反应性</span></p>
临床表现
自发性荨麻疹
急性自发性荨麻疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">起病急,皮肤瘙痒后很快出现风团</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">风团呈鲜红或苍白色、皮色,中央消退后形成环状、地图状或不规则状</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">数小时风团消退,但新的风团又起,此起彼伏;风团消退不留痕迹</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">橘皮样皮损</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">伴有恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻等消化道症状;重者累及喉头引起呼吸困难甚至窒息</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">6️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">可有心慌、烦躁、血压下降等过敏性休克症状</span></p>
慢性自发性荨麻疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病程>6周</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">风团时多时少,时有时无,多不对称,几乎每天发作</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">迁延不愈,可持续数月或数年</span></p>
物理性荨麻疹
皮肤划痕症
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">夜间瘙痒,喜搔抓</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮肤搔抓处出现界限分明的线状风团,周围绕以红晕</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">风团速起速消</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病程5-7年</span></p>
寒冷性接触性荨麻疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">冰块实验阳性,病程6-9年</span></p>
其他类型荨麻疹
胆碱能性荨麻疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">细小而极痒的点状风团,1-3mm大小,周围有红晕,不融合,伴有瘙痒</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">累及躯干和四肢近端,掌跖不出现风团</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">30-60分钟消退</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">多见于特应性体质的年轻人,老年人少见</span></p>
治疗
去除病因,对症治疗(抗过敏)
药物性皮炎
变态反应性皮炎特点
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">潜伏期</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">少数人</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病情与药理、毒理、剂量无关</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮疹多样</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">交叉过敏和多价过敏</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji';"><span style="font-kerning: none">6️⃣</span><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">自限性</span></p>
临床表现
固定型药疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">好发于口腔&生殖器皮肤黏膜移行区</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">每次发作几乎在同一位置出现类似药疹</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">典型皮损为类圆形境界清楚的水肿性暗紫红色斑疹</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">消退并遗留持久的炎症后色素沉着</span></p>
荨麻疹型药疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">临床表现与急性荨麻疹相似,为潮红斑片状风团,瘙痒更明显,持续时间更长;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">可同时伴有血清病样症状如发热、关节疼痛、淋巴结肿大甚至蛋白尿等。</span></p>
麻疹型或猩红热型药疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">又称发疹型药疹,常见于使用青霉素后;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">发病突然,可伴发热,较麻疹和猩红热轻微</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">麻疹型药疹皮损为针头或粟粒大小红色斑丘疹,对称分布,泛发全身,以躯干为多,伴有明显瘙痒</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">猩红热型药疹皮损呈弥漫性鲜红斑或呈米粒至豆大红色斑疹或斑丘疹,密集对称分布,四肢屈侧最明显</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">痊愈后可遗留糠状脱屑</span></p>
多形红斑型药疹
轻型
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">对称分布,好发于四肢远端;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">水肿型红斑,靶形损害</span></p>
重型
重症多形红斑型药疹(Steven-Johnson Syndrome)
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">由磺胺类、解热镇痛类、巴比妥类引起的重症药疹,</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损迅速、泛发全身,出现大疱、糜烂、渗出,累及黏膜;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">患者感到剧烈疼痛,伴有高热、外周血白细胞升高、肝肾功能损害及继发感染等。</span></p>
大疱性表皮松解型药疹
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">弥漫性紫红或暗红斑片迅速发展、波及全身</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">红斑处出现松弛性水疱或大疱,触痛明显</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">尼氏征阳性</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">黏膜累及</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">可出现高热、恶心、腹泻、谵妄、昏迷等全身中毒症状</span></p>
尼氏征
<div class="para" label-module="para" style="font-size: 14px; word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); margin-bottom: 15px; text-indent: 2em; line-height: 24px; zoom: 1; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif;"><p style="margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">Nikolsky</span>征的中文简称,又称棘层细胞松解现象检查法,是皮肤科常用的体格检查</p>
<p style="margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">方法之一,用于检查水疱和大疱的位置在表皮内还是在表皮下。尼氏征包括以下几方面含义:</p>
<p style="margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">(1)</span>牵扯患者破损的水疱壁,尼氏征<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1342149.htm"><span style="color: #e4af09">阳性</span></a>者可将角质层剥离相当长的一段距离,甚至包括看来是正常的皮肤。<span style="line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">(2)</span>推压两个水疱中间的外观正常的皮肤时,尼氏征<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1342149.htm"><span style="color: #e4af09">阳性</span></a>者角质层很容易被擦掉,而露出糜烂面。</p>
<p style="margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">(3)</span>推压患者从未发生过皮疹的完全健康的皮肤时,尼氏征阳性者很多部位的角质层也可被剥离。</p>
<p style="margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">(4)</span>以手指加压在<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1349627.htm"><span style="color: #e4af09">水疱</span></a>上,尼氏征<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/1342149.htm"><span style="color: #e4af09">阳性</span></a>者可见到水疱内容物随表皮隆起而向周围扩散。</p>
<p style="margin: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; color: rgb(69, 69, 69);">(<span style="line-height: normal; font-family: Helvetica;">5</span>)在<a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/50978.htm"><span style="color: #e4af09">口腔</span></a>内,用舌添及粘膜,可使外观正常的粘膜表层脱落或撕去。</p></div>
【压、推、揭、摩擦】
<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">尼氏征阳性的皮肤病有:大疱性表皮松解萎缩型药疹,</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/2474060.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">金葡菌性烫伤样皮肤综合征</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">、</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/90103.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">天疱疮</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">、大疱性表皮松解症、</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/752970.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); outline: 0px; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">家族性慢性良性天疱疮</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">等。</span><br>
<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">尼氏征阴性的皮肤病有:</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/680339.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">类天疱疮</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">、</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/506197.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">疱疹样皮炎</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">、大疱性</span><a target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/76503.htm" style="color: rgb(19, 110, 194); text-decoration: none; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">多形红斑</a><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px;">等。</span><br>
剥脱性皮炎型药疹
潜伏期长,特异性臭味,袜套状剥脱
药物超敏反应综合征
麻疹样皮损,面部水肿,内脏损害
治疗
【🚫停药🚫,早期足量足疗程使用激素,防治合并症,支持疗法,加强护理及局部治疗】
红斑鳞屑类皮肤病
多形红斑
特点
肢端对称分布,可反复发作的水肿性红斑、丘疹,可有黏膜受累
临床表现
轻型多形红斑
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">典型“靶形皮损”</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">中央为紫癜样灰褐斑,周围为隆起的水肿苍白环,最外层为红斑</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">多发于掌跖或四肢伸面</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮疹无自觉症状或微痒,消退后遗留色素沉着</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">持续1-4周,容易复发</span></p>
重症多形红斑(Steven-Johnson Syndrome)
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损为虹膜样红斑,水疱、大疱、血疱、瘀斑</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">尼氏征阳性</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">黏膜损害广泛而严重</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">死亡率高,病程3-6周</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">系统症状:高热、头痛、关节痛、咳嗽、乏力</span></p>
治疗
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">口服抗组胺药物或外用糖皮质激素以改善症状;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">局部治疗原则:消炎、收敛、止痒、预防感染。</span></p>
银屑病
特点
鳞屑性红斑或斑块
临床表现
寻常型银屑病
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">基本损害:红色的丘疹或斑丘疹被覆银白色鳞屑</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC'; color: rgb(255, 38, 0);"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none; color: rgb(68, 68, 68);">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #444444">特点:</span><span style="font-kerning: none">蜡滴现象、薄膜现象、点状出血现象(Auspitz征)</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损形态多样:点滴状、钱币状、地图状、蛎壳状</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">好发部位:肘、膝伸侧和骶尾部</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">分布</span><span style="font-kerning: none">:对称性</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">6️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">头部损害:</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600">束状发</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">7️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">指甲和黏膜损害:</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600">顶针甲</span><span style="font-kerning: none">、灰白色环状斑</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">8️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病程发展:进行期(</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600">同型反应</span><span style="font-kerning: none">Koebner现象);静止期;退行期</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">9️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">自觉症状:不同程度瘙痒</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">🔟</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病程经过慢性、易复发,多数</span><span style="font-kerning: none; color: #ff2600">冬重夏轻</span></p>
急性点滴状银屑病
关节病型银屑病
红皮病型银屑病
脓疱型银屑病
泛发性脓疱型银屑病
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">急性发病,有恶寒、高热等全身症状</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损为密集的针尖至粟粒大小、表浅性、无菌性小脓疱,脓疱增多时可形成脓湖、脓池</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">沟状舌</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">指趾甲浑浊、肥厚</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">全身各处均可发疹</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">6️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">患者自觉肿胀、疼痛感</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">7️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">周期性复发,长期不愈,可能危及生命</span></p>
掌跖脓疱病
连续性肢端皮炎
治疗
外用糖皮质激素,口服维A酸类药物
玫瑰糠疹
临床表现
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损表现:</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">母斑:逐渐增大的孤立性圆形玫瑰色鳞屑斑(2-3cm)</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">子斑:1-2周后出现的圆形或椭圆形玫瑰红或黄红色鳞屑斑,直径较小(0.2-1cm)</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损长轴与皮纹平行,分布于躯干及四肢近心端</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">病程4-8w,可自愈</span></p>
<br>
治疗
自限性,对症治疗
大疱性皮肤病
天疱疮
特点
表皮内水疱
临床表现
寻常型天疱疮
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">好发年龄:中年人</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">好发部位:口腔、胸背部、头颈部,严重者可泛发全身,约60%的患者初发在口腔黏膜</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损特点:表现为外观正常皮肤上发生水疱或大疱,或在红斑的基础上出现浆液性大疱,疱壁薄,尼氏征阳性</span></p>
增殖型天疱疮
落叶型天疱疮
水疱壁更薄;不累及黏膜;鳞屑呈落叶状🍂
红斑型天疱疮
蝶形红斑,水疱常不明显
大疱性类天疱疮
特点
表皮下张力性大疱
临床表现
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">好发年龄:60岁以上的中老年人</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">好发部位:躯干、四肢近端、手足部,约10%-35%的病例出现口腔黏膜损害</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损特点:在外观正常的皮肤或红斑的基础上发生水疱或大疱,疱壁厚、紧张、半球状</span><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">🏈</span><span style="font-kerning: none">,直径1-2cm,尼氏征阴性</span></p>
副肿瘤性天疱疮
特点
疼痛性口腔炎+多形皮损
寻常性天疱疮与大疱性类天疱疮的鉴别诊断?
<br>
皮肤附属器疾病
痤疮
临床表现
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">初发损害为与毛囊一致的【圆锥形丘疹】,如白头粉刺及黑头粉刺;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损加重后形成【炎性丘疹】,顶端可有小脓疱;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">继续发展形成大小不等的【暗红色结节或囊肿】;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">经久不愈后化脓形成【脓肿】,破溃形成【瘘道和瘢痕】;</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">中年病情缓解,遗留【色素沉着、肥厚性或萎缩性瘢痕】。</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">【痤疮严重度分级】</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">I级 粉刺</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">II级 +炎性丘疹</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">III级 +脓疱</span></p><p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Songti SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">IV级 +结节、囊肿、瘢痕</span></p><div><span style="font-kerning: none"><br></span></div>
治疗原则
去脂、溶解角质、杀菌抗炎、抗雄激素
色素性皮肤病
白癜风
局限型、泛发型、全身型
临床表现
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">1️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">男女均可发病,年龄不限</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">2️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">皮损表现为局部是色素脱失斑,大小形态不一,数目不等,从单个到多发性皮损</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">3️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">白斑境界清楚,有的边缘部位色素增加,有的白斑中可见到正常皮岛</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">4️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">白斑部毛发也可完全变白,黏膜部位如口唇、龟头等也可累及</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">5️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">有一定季节性,一般无自觉症状</span></p>
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="line-height: normal; font-family: 'Apple Color Emoji'; -webkit-font-kerning: none;">6️⃣</span><span style="font-kerning: none">进展期可有同形反应</span></p>
Wood灯:乳白色荧光
治疗
<p style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-family: 'PingFang SC';"><span style="font-kerning: none">氯芥乙醇、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、中药治疗</span></p>
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