Chapter31:传播调适理论

<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);">“言语调试理论”</span></b></p>

税务

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-right:0.0000pt;margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;mso-pagination:none;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">调试：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">通过改变你的交际行为不断地走向或远离他人。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-right:0.0000pt;margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-right:0.0000gd;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-autospace:ideograph-numeric;mso-pagination:none;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">代际沟通：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">由于这本书的读者绝大多数属于年轻人，所以作者</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">用代际沟通的理论来说明主要的预测。</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">在过去的八年时间里我已经成为年老的群体中合格的一员。这意味着，每当我走进一所大学的教室，它成为一个潜在的探索代际沟通实验室。我也有在其他方向不断的经验。作者妻子</font>102岁的母亲在过去的六年里一直和我们住在一起。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">同化现象：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">一种趋同行为，使你的沟通行为变得更像另一个人的策略。</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">异化现象：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">一种强调你和另一个人之间的</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><font face="微软雅黑">差异</font></span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">的沟通策略。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">自我设限：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">对于老年人的一种保护面子策略，使用年龄作为表现不好的原因。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">保持现象：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">坚持你最初的沟通风格，不管其他的沟通行为；与</font>“差异”相似；</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">underaccommodation。</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal" align="justify" style="margin-left:21.0000pt;mso-para-margin-left:0.0000gd;text-indent:-21.0000pt;mso-char-indent-count:0.0000;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">O</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">veraccommodation：</span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">贬低或光顾说话；过度关注给声乐清晰度、放大、信息简化，或重复。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="p" style="margin: 7.5pt 0pt 7.5pt 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">社会认同理论：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">他们的沟通可能会发展成为强调自己的</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><font face="微软雅黑">独特性</font></span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">。因此，当群体认同显著时，两个阶段的因果顺序有很大差异：</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="p" align="center" style="margin-top: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: center; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">独特性（社会认同）的需求</font>→异化现象→消极回应</span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="p" style="margin-top: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><font face="微软雅黑">社会认同：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">我们用来定义我们是谁的组群成员和社会类别。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="p" style="margin: 7.5pt 0pt 7.5pt 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">初始方向</font></span></b><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">：</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">谈话者倾向专注于在交谈中他们的</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">个人身份</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">或</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">群体身份</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">。</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="p" style="margin-top: 7.5pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">预测一个人将采用哪条路线是困难的，但是</font>5个添加的因素会增加奇怪的地方：</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18.018px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 25.2px; text-indent: -28px;">l&nbsp;</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">客观调适对主观调适</font></span></b></p>

<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 18.018px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 25.2px; text-indent: -28px;">l&nbsp;</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">归因理论：</font></span></b><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt;">我们默认的假设是：这样做的人是这样的。然而，三个减轻因素可能发挥作用：</span><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><font face="微软雅黑">（</font>1）</span><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt;">对方的能力，</span><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><font face="微软雅黑">（</font>2）</span><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt;">外部约束，</span><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 0);"><font face="微软雅黑">（</font>3）</span><span style="line-height: 18.9pt; text-indent: -21pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt;">所花费的努力。</span></p><p class="p" style="margin: 7.5pt 0pt 7.5pt 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>

<p class="p" style="margin: 7.5pt 0pt 7.5pt 21pt; text-indent: -21pt; line-height: 18.9pt; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">l&nbsp;</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">发散是一种容纳策略，就像趋同一样，但它是</span><b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><font face="微软雅黑">对组内成员的调节，而不是外群体</font></span></b><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;">的成员。</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); letter-spacing: 0pt; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>