第二章：文件的基本管理和xfs文进系统备份恢复
2017-03-06 23:21:20 0 举报仅支持查看
AI智能生成
Linux文件管理与备份恢复
Linux
文件管理
备份恢复
模版推荐
作者其他创作
大纲/内容
系统目录结构说明
目录说明
/：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;<br>line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">处于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">linux</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">系统树形结构的最顶端，它是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">linux</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">文件系统的入口，所有的目录、文件、设备都在</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;<br>mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> <span lang="EN-US">/ </span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">之下</span>
/bin：<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">bin</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Binary</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">的缩写。常用的二进制命令目录。比如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> ls</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">cp</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">mkdir</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">cut</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">等；和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">/usr/bin</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">类似</span>
/boot：<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Linux</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">的内核及引导系统程序所需要的文件目录</span>
/dev：<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:
微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">dev</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Device</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">的缩写。设备文件目录，比如声卡、磁盘……在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">Linux</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">中，一切都被看做文件。终端设备、磁盘等等都被看做文件</span>
/etc：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">常用系统及二进制安装包配置文件默认路径和服务器启动命令目录</span>
/home：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">普通用户的家目录默认存放目录</span>
/lib：库文件存放目录
/lost+found：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;<br>line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">默认为空，被</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">FSCK</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">file system check</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">用来检查和维护不一致的文件系统。若系统掉电或磁盘发生问题，可利用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">fsck</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">命令对文件系统进行检查）用来放置零散文件（没有名称的文件）</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;<br>mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA"> </span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">当系统非法关机后，这里就会存放一些文件</span>
/mnt：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">一般用来临时挂载存储设备的挂载目录，比如有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">cdrom</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">U</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">盘等目录</span>
/opt：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;<br>line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">表示的是可选择的意思，有些软件包也会被安装在这里，也就是定义软件包</span>
/proc：操作系统运行时，进程（正在运行中的程序）信息及内核信息（比如cpu、硬盘分区、内存信息等）存放在这里。/proc目录是伪装的文件系统proc的挂载目录，proc并不是真正的文件系统。因此，这个目录是一个虚拟的目录，它是系统内存的映射，我们可以通过直接访问这个目录来获取系统信息。也就是说，这个目录的内容不在硬盘上而是在内存里 <div>查看咱们的内存信息,CPU信息 </div><div>cat /proc/meminfo | grep “Mem”</div><div>cat /proc/cpuinfo</div><div><br></div>
/sbin：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">大多数涉及系统管理的命令都存放在该目录中，它是超级权限用户</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">root</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">的可执行命令存放地，普通用户无权限执行这个目录下的命令，凡是目录</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">sbin</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">中包含的命令都是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">root</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">权限才能执行的</span>
/tmp：<span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">该目录用于存放临时文件，有时用户运行程序的时候，会产生一些临时文件。</span><span lang="EN-US">/tmp</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">就是用来存放临时文件的。</span><span lang="EN-US">/var/tmp</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">目录和该目录的作用是相似的</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">不能存放重要数据，它的权限比较特殊</span><br><br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;<br>margin-left:0cm"><span lang="EN-US">[root@panda ~]# ls –ld /tmp<o:p></o:p></span></p><br><br><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;<br>mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";<br>mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;<br>mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">drwxrwxrw<span style="color:red">t</span> 10 root root<br>12288 <st1:date year="20" day="3" month="10" ls="trans" w:st="on">Oct 3 20</st1:date>:45<br>/tmp/ </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;<br>line-height:125%;font-family:Wingdings;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br>ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Wingdings">à</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#C00000;<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">粘滞位（</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;color:#C00000;<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">sticky<br>bit</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:<br>125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>color:#C00000;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:<br>AR-SA">）</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">目录的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">sticky</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">位表示这个目录里的文件只能被</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">owner</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">root</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 125%; font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif; color: rgb(192, 0, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">删除</span>
/var：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">该目录的内容是经常变动的，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">/var</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">下有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">/var/log</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">目录用来存放系统日志的目录</span>
/usr：<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;
line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">包括与系统用户直接有关的文件和目录，例如应用程序及支持它们的库文件。类似于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">windows</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">下的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">program files</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:
"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">目录</span>
/lib：<span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">这个目录里存放着系统最基本的动态链接共享库，包含许多被</span><span lang="EN-US">/bin/</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">和</span><span lang="EN-US">/sbin/</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">中的程序使用的库文件，目录</span><span lang="EN-US">/usr/lib/</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">中含有更多用于用户程序的库文件。作用类似于</span><span lang="EN-US">windows</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">里的</span><span lang="EN-US">DLL</span><span style="font-family: 微软雅黑, sans-serif;">文件，几乎所有的应用程序都需要用到这些共享库</span><br><br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;<br>margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman"">注：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br>11.0pt;line-height:125%">lib***.a</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;<br>mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";<br>mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是静态库</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%"><br><br> lib***.so</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman"">是动态库</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:9.0pt;<br>mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br><br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;<br>margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">静态库在编译时被加载到二进制文件中</span><span lang="EN-US"><br><br></span><span style="font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">动态库在运行时加载到进程的内存空间中</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br><br><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:6.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:6.0pt;<br>margin-left:0cm"><span style="font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">简单的说：这些库是为了让你的程序能够正常编译运行的</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><br><br><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">其实类似于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">WIN</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;<br>font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">.dll</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">文件，几乎所有的应用程序都需要用到这些共享库</span>
绝对路径和相对路径
绝对路径：绝对路径是从根“/”开始的
相对路径：相对路径是以“.”或“..”开始的
子主题
文件和目录的操作
创建文件/目录
创建文件：touch、vim
创建目录：mkdir -p 循环创建
删除文件/目录
删除文件：rm /rm -f<br>删除目录：rm -r /rm -rf
查看文件/目录
ls<br>
cat<br>cat -n：对输出的行进行编号<br>cat -b：对非常的输出行编号<br>cat -s：将多个连续的空行合并为一个空行<br>作用：1、查看文件内容<br>2、从键盘创建一个文件<br>3、将几个文件合并为一个文件
more<br>分页显示文件内容<br>回车，刷新一行；空格刷新一页；q退出more<br>不支持前后翻页
less<br>支持前后翻页<br>pageup向上翻页，pagedown向下翻页
head<br>默认情况下，显示文件头10行<br>head -n：显示文件前n行
tail<br>默认情况下，显示文件末尾10行<br>tail -n：显示文件末尾n行<br>tail -f：动态显示数据，常用来查看日志
复制文件/目录
cp，作用：复制文件，<span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;<br>line-height:125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">可以是一个或多个（支持复制到目标位置时对复制的文件进行改名，多个文件复制时必须保证目标位置是一个目录）</span>
语法：cp 源文件 目标文件
cp -r：包含子目录和文件
xfs文件系统的备份和恢复
语法
XFS提供了xfsdump和xfsrestore工具协助备份xfs文件系统中的数据
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br>11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:<br>微软雅黑;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;<br>mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">xfsdump<br></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:<br>125%;font-family:"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:<br>0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;<br>mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">甚至提供了高性能的多线程备份操作</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:微软雅黑;mso-bidi-font-family:<br>Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;<br>mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">——</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight:<br>bold">它把一次</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:<br>11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:<br>微软雅黑;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;<br>mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">dump</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:<br>"微软雅黑","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:<br>"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-weight:<br>bold">拆分成多个数据流，<b>每个数据流可以被发往不同的目的地</b></span>
xfsdump的备份级别有以下两种<br>完全备份——0(这也是默认选项)<br>增量备份——1-9
环境准备
添加一块虚拟盘，添加过程<br>添加磁盘-分区-格式化-挂载<br>
让新添加的硬盘显示有两种方式<br>1、重启电脑<br>2、echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/hostx/scan<br>这里的x根据系统的磁盘总线个数来修改
fdisk /dev/sdb ——> 分区<br>mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1 ——> 格式化<br>mount /dev/sdb1 ——> 挂载
备份
xfsdump语法：xfsdump -f 备份目的地 备份源<br>1、备份整个分区<br>xfsdump -f /opt/dump_sdb1 /sdb1
指定备份内容(免交互操作)<br>xfsdump -f /opt/dump_sdb1 -s passwd /sdb1 -L dump_passwd -M media0<br>-f ——> 指定备份路径<br>-s ——> 列出要备份的内容<br>-L ——> 指定会话备份标签<br>-M ——> 指定设备标签
针对指定的文件进行备份，-s指定时，路径写的是相对路径
查看备份信息与内容<br>xfsdump -I<br>xfsrestore -f /opt/test1 -t 查看备份内容，其中只显示文件不显示目录
使用xfsdump的注意事项<br>1、xfsdump不支持没有挂载的文件系统<br>2、xfsdump必须使用root权限才能操作<br>3、xfsdump只能备份xfs文件系统<br>4、xfsdump备份的数据只能由xfsrestore恢复<br>5、xfsdump是通过文件系统的UUID来分辨各个备份文档的
恢复
文件系统恢复<br>xfsrestore语法：xfsrestore -f 恢复目的地 恢复源<br>示例：xfsrestore -f /opt/sdb1 /sdb1<br>恢复指定内容<br>xfsrestore -f /opt/sdb1 -s passwd /sdb1
指定备份内容(免交互操作)<br>xfsdump -f /opt/dump_sdb1 -s passwd /sdb1 -L dump_passwd -M media0<br>-f ——> 指定备份路径<br>-s ——> 列出要备份的内容<br>-L ——> 指定会话备份标签<br>-M ——> 指定设备标签
针对指定的文件进行备份，-s指定时，路径写的是相对路径
查看备份信息与内容<br>xfsdump -I<br>xfsrestore -f /opt/test1 -t 查看备份内容，其中只显示文件不显示目录
增量备份
概念：增量备份是指，与上一次备份相比，新增或修改的文件
示例：首先全备<br>xfsdump -f /opt/dump_full /sdb1 -L dump_full -M media0<br>然后进行增量备份<br>xfsdump -l 1 -f /opt/dump_bak1 /sdb1 -L dump_bak1 -M media0<br>-l ——> 指定备份级别<br>-f ——> 指定备份路径<br>-s ——> 列出要备份的内容<br>-L ——> 指定会话备份标签<br>-M ——> 指定设备标签
增量备份的优缺点：<br>1、优点，备份量少，备份速度快<br>2、缺点：恢复时间长，先要恢复全备，然后在依次恢复后续的各个级别的备份
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