quality of definition
TG improved/ both CG decreases
sig difference between TG & NO TG
no sig at level p< .05/ sig in another test between TG & conversational group
conclusion
reason for non-significant figures
frequency of circumlocutions &fillers pre-& posttraining
TG: both increased/ fillers substantial
CG: cir improved/ fillers decreased
chi-square test
the improvement in the three conditions
fillers: high sig/TG showed more improvement
circumlocutions: no sig
treatment affected quality/not frequency
low frequency in training
comparison of Ss' pre-&post training speech rate/ SR gains in 3 conditions
TG: sig improvement
CG
no TG: no sig
conversational G: SIG
primary purpose
ANOVA: no sig/ no difference in 3 conditions
unexpected TG vs NO TG
explanation: function of another competence
limited time and sample size
correlations in TG pre-training
SR vs Lang PRO: pre&post-training significant related/ gains no significant
success in training not the function of initial lang competence
SR VS pre-training strategy use:sig
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SR & filler: highly correlated/ good students tend to use more fillers
post-training correlations in different factors
SR& fillers: highly significant/
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SR between circumlocutions & quality of definition: no sig
influence of topic avoidance
circumlocution affect quality/ not rate
affective variables
CS training useful and favorable
CONCLUSION
promption
arguments of teachability of CSs
recap of the experiment
limitations
limited types of CSs tested
simple conception of fluency
implications for teaching
direct teaching in 6 ways