Antigens of high tumoural specificity
viral antigens：病毒性致癌：宫颈癌、肝癌、鼻咽癌、白血病
Mutated genes：<br>the other half being encoded by cancer-germline genes <br>肺癌（吸烟）、黑素瘤（紫外线）、直肠癌（DNA修复错误）
cell cycle regulation CDK4，影响了抑癌基因INK4A
CASP8
chromosomaltranslocations.
突变型抗原未用于治疗
antigens that are encoded by cancer-germlinegenes<br>这些基因的表达与启动子脱甲基化有关（正常组织内不表达？） <br>5ʹ-aza-2ʹ-deoxycytidine用于vaccination or adoptive T cell transfer.
MAGE:MAGEA, MAGEB and MAGEC.
G antigen (GAGE), CTAG and SSX.
Altogether, more than 60 cancer-germlinegenes have been identified
<span class="fontstyle0">Antigens of low tumoural specificity. </span> <br style="line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-size-adjust: auto;">
differentiation antigens
melanocyte differentiation antigen:Melan-A
The prostate expresses differentiationprotein
antigens derived from proteins that are overexpressed in tumours
Quantitativereverse transcription PCR 和<br>Immunohistochemical analysis
breast cancer：The oncogene and growth factor receptorERBB2
leukaemic cells：WT1
adenocarcinomas ：MUC1<br>
Tumour specificity and potential side effects<br>of immunotherapy.
even when a remarkablytumour-specific pattern of expression isobserved, it is never possible to completelyexclude that a small subgroup of cells locatedin one organ will eventually show a substantial degree of expression — no matter howexhaustive the gene expression studies are
natural tolerance（AIRE）：MAGE genes，P1A-encoding gene Trap1a（当下研究结论的误区）
vaccine（少数有问题）VS CTLA4
In the absence of repeated clinical experiments, the best option is to use a tumourspecific antigenic peptide against which atleast one spontaneous T cell response in acancer patient has been documented in theabsence of harmful side effects.
We nowbelieve that the usual procedures that involvethe in vitro stimulation of T cells of cancerpatients with the autologous tumour cell linedo not activate naive cells but only activatememory T cells that result from a previousspontaneous response against the tumour.
reverse immunology:<br>a substantial riskof adverse side effects
Following adoptive transfer with T cells transfected with areceptor directed against a MAGEA3 peptidepresented by HLA-A2, which was identifiedby reverse immunology, severe brain toxicitywas induced. 因为MAGE3和MAGE12只有一个氨基酸的差别
MAGEA3 protein vaccination 无危险报道
原因：<br>crossreacts with a cardiac protein；低肿瘤特异性抗原增加
Adoptive transfer of expanded populations of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytesfrom patients with melanoma
uveitis
