cultural nationalism<br>
new nation: manifest destiny<br>
expanding homeland: frontiers
new identity: who are Americans?<br>
<br>
optimism<br>
idealism
Contexts
American Revolution:1765-1783；War of 1812 with Britain
Jeffersonia America:1801-1825
1803: Lousiana Purchase & Westward Expansion
Oregon Trail：1811-1840; Continental Railroad, 1869
Jacksonian America: President Andrew Jackson 1829-1837<br>
1830: Book of Mormon by Joseph Smith; The Indian Removal Act
1840-1849:The Mexican War
1850: California accepted as the 31st state, without slavery<br>
1851: McCormick's reaper won golde medal at Crystal Palace exhition
1854: Kansas-Nebrask Act, contradicting Missouri Comprise of 1820
1859: John Brown hanged
Early Romanticism
fiction
Irving: Rip Van Winkle (1819) ; The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(1820)
Cooper: Letherstocking Tales (1827-1841)
poetry
Philip Freneau: The House of Night(1779)The Wild Honey Suckle (1786)
Bryant: Thanatopsis (1817); To a Waterfowl (1818)<br>
New EnglandTranscendentalism<br>
idealism: Oversoul; spirit (vs.matter)
individualism:self reliance (vs Calvinistic total depravity)
nature as "garment of the Oversoul"
American Renaissance<br>
essays
Emerson: Nature (1836); The American Scholar (1837); Self-Reliance (1841);The Over-Soul(1841)
Thoreau: On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (1849);<i> Walden</i> (1854)
Poe: The Philosophy of Composition (1846); The Poetic Principle(1850)
fiction
Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher (1836);<i>Tales of the Groteque and Arabesque</i> (1840)；The Purloined Letter (1845)
<br>
Hawthorne:<i> The Scarlet Letter</i> (1850);<i>The Blithedale Romance</i> (1852)<br>
消费主义
Melville: <i>Moby Dick </i>(1851)
poetry
[Longfellow: A Psalm of Life (1838); The Song of Hiawatha (1855)]<br>
Poe: Raven (1845);Annabel Lee (1849)
Whitman:<i> Leaves of Grass</i>(1855); O Captain! My Captain (1865)
Dickinson:<i> The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson</i> (1924)
