米利都/爱奥尼亚学派(from Miletus, Ionia): What is permanent in existence?
Thales泰勒斯(c.624-546 BCE)：Water; 希腊哲学之父<br>
Anaximander（c.610-546 BCE）:indeterminate boundless
Anaximenes (c.585-528BCE): Air
Anaxagoras:种子说、Nous/Mind说：原子唯物论先驱
毕达哥拉斯学派：The mathematical basis of all things
Pythagoras (c.570-497BCE): mathematics as the best purge of the soul;
three kinds of people/division of the soul
spectators who reflect upon and analyze what is happening
who go to compete and gain honors
who buy and sell, to make a profit
the concept of FORM (vs. matter of Milesian philosophers): limit; exemplified in music and medicine; harmony
Pythagorean Theorem 勾股定理： challenge from Hippasus, irrational number 无理数
Attempts to explain change
Heraclitus (c.540-480BCE): Flux and fire; Reason as the universal law; the conflict of opposites
埃利亚学派(from Elea)
Parmenidas (c.510-450BCE) :Change is an illusion; the One is motionless
Zeno: Parmenidas's pupil; Four paradoxes to counterattack adversaries of Parmenidas
The racecourse
Achilles and the tortoise
The arrow
The relativity of motion
Empedocles (c.490-430)
being is not One but many, changeless and eternal: earth, air, fire and water
two forces cause the four elements to intermingle and separate: Love&Hate/Harmoney&Discord in four stages
Anaxagoras (500-428BCE): "no thing is altogether separated off anything else except Mind(nous)"
The Atomists原子论
Leucippus留基伯（500-440 BCE）
Democritus 德谟克利特（460-370BCE）
two ways of knowing things: the trueborn & the bastard
the most desirable goal of life is cheerfulness
