写小说最重要的十件事

互助工作坊和同侪作家小组书不错的发明。

然而，你终将独自写作。而且最终你是唯一能评判自己工作的人。

这本书本质上是个<b><u>练习册</u></b>。

所有的练习都关系到叙事的基本要素：一个故事如何被讲述，什么推动它，&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;什么阻碍它，这完完全全是从语言元素的层面上开始的。

下笔之前，回头想想练习中的写作指导。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;习作不需要很高的完成度，它没有必要成为不巧的作品。&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;在修改的过程中，你会受益更多。

第一部分：写一段叙事文，大声读出来。<br>尝试用拟声词、押头韵、重复、音律效果、<br>虚构的词或名字、方言--任何你喜欢的<br>声音效果--但不能用韵文或格律。&nbsp;<br>

第二部分：用一段左右的篇幅，<br>描写一个动作，或者一个<br>有强烈情绪的人--欢乐、<br>恐惧、悲伤、试着然你笔下的<br>物理现实包含和体现在<br>句子的韵律和运动之中。&nbsp;<br>

写一段描述性的叙述文（300～500），<br>不要使用形容词或副词。不能写对话。&nbsp;<br>

关于“可靠的讲述者”的笔记&nbsp;

第一人称&nbsp; &nbsp; 70

有限第三人称&nbsp; 71&nbsp;

介入作者 （“全知作者”）73

客观作者（“窥探者”“摄影机眼”"客观叙述"）75

“观察者-叙事者”，使用第一人称&nbsp; 76

“观察者-叙事者”，使用第三人称&nbsp; 76

第一部分：两种口吻&nbsp; 80

第二部分：客观叙事者80

第三部分：观察者-叙事者80

第四部分：介入作者81

例11 选自哈丽叶特·比切·斯托的<br>《汤姆叔叔的小屋》84&nbsp;<br>

例12 选自查尔斯·狄更斯的《荒凉山庄》&nbsp; 85

例13 选自J.R.R.托尔金的《指环王》

我把故事定义为对事件（外部的或心理学的）<br>叙述、它蕴含着变化，在时间中运动，<br>或者说它暗示了时间的流逝。<br>我把情节定义为由动作构成的故事形态，<br>它常常以冲突的形式出现，<br>依靠因果链紧密而复杂地缠结在一起，<br>以高潮为结束。<br>高潮是某种愉悦，情节是某种故事。&nbsp;<br>