Chapter10 Using Language
2016-10-10 22:08:38 0 举报AI智能生成
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Using Language Accurately
Every word has shades of meaning that distinguish it from every other word, and each
says something special to listeners.
Mark Twain said, "The
difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference
between lightning and the lightning bug."
As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, "What do I really
want to say? What do I really mean?" When in doubt, consult a dictionary or
thesaurus to make sure you have the best words to express your ideas.
Using Language Clearly
USE FAMILIAR WORDS
One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is using big, bloated words where
short, sharp ones will do the job better.
You should speak in "short, homely words of
common usage."
CHOOSE CONCRETE WORDS（实在）
Usually, the more speafic a word, the more
concrete it is.
Concrete words:Words that refer to
tangible objects. Abstract words:Words that refer to ideas
or concepts.
Abstract words can express certain kinds of ideas, but are easier to misinterpret. Concrete
words are much more likely to claim your listeners' attention.
ELIMINATE CLUTTER(杂乱）
Keep your language lean and lively. Beware of using several words where one or two will do.
Let your ideas emerge sharply and firmly. Above all, watch out for redundant adjectives and adverbs.
Let your ideas emerge sharply and firmly. Above all, watch out for redundant adjectives and adverbs.
The hardest part is recognizing clutter and forcing yourself to throw away the unnecessary words.
Watch for clutter when you write your speech outlines. Be prepared to revise the outline until your
ideas emerge clearly and crisply.
Watch for clutter when you write your speech outlines. Be prepared to revise the outline until your
ideas emerge clearly and crisply.
You can also help eliminate clutter by practicing your speeches with a
digital recorder.
Using Language Vividly
IMAGERY比喻
Concrete Words
Concrete words call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch,
smell, and taste.
Simile明喻
An explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
Metaphor暗喻
When used effectively, metaphor is an excellent way to bring
color to a speech, to make abstract ideas concrete, to clarify the unknown, and
to express feelings and emotions.
APPROPRIATENESS TO THE AUDIENCE
When it comes to appropriateness, you will seldom go wrong by erring
on the side of caution.
RHYTHM节奏
Parallelism并列
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of
related words, phrases, or sentences.
Reiteration重复
Reiteration of the same word or
set of words at the beginning or
end of successive clauses or sentence.
Create a strong emotional effect.
Alliteration头韵
Repeat the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.
Catch the attention of
listeners and can make
ideas easier to remember.
ideas easier to remember.
Antithesis对偶
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.并置
Using Language Appropriately
APPROPRIATENESS TO THE OCCASION
APPROPRIATENESS TO THE TOPIC
APPROPRIATENESS TO THE SPEAKER
One way to develop this consciousness is
to read and listen to effective speakers.
to read and listen to effective speakers.
seek to become the best possible you.
Using Language Inclusively
Avoid the Generic"He"
Avoid the Use of"Man"When Referring to Both Men and Women
Avoid Stereotyping Jobs and Social Roles by Gender模式化
Use Names That Groups Use to Identify Themselves
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