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Chapter10 Using Language

2016-10-10 22:08:38   0  举报

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Using Language Accurately 

Every word has shades of meaning that distinguish it from every other word, and each<div>says something special to listeners.</div>

<div>Mark Twain said, "The</div><div>difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference</div><div>between lightning and the lightning bug."</div>

<div> As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, "What do I really</div><div>want to say? What do I really mean?" When in doubt, consult a dictionary or</div><div>thesaurus to make sure you have the best words to express your ideas.</div>

Using Language Clearly

USE FAMILIAR WORDS

<div>One of the biggest barriers to clear speech is using big, bloated words where</div><div>short, sharp ones will do the job better.</div>

<div>You should speak in "short, homely words of</div><div>common usage."</div>

CHOOSE CONCRETE WORDS（实在）

<div>Usually, the more speafic a word, the more</div><div>concrete it is.</div>

<div>Concrete words:Words that refer to</div><div>tangible objects. Abstract words:Words that refer to ideas</div><div>or concepts.</div>

<div>Abstract words can express certain kinds of ideas, but are easier to misinterpret. Concrete</div><div>words are much more likely to claim your listeners' attention. <br></div>

ELIMINATE CLUTTER(杂乱）

<div>Keep your language lean and lively. Beware of using several words where one or two will do. <br>Let your ideas emerge sharply and firmly. Above all, watch out for redundant adjectives and adverbs.</div>

<div>The hardest part is recognizing clutter and forcing yourself to throw away the unnecessary words. <br>Watch for clutter when you write your speech outlines. Be prepared to revise the outline until your <br>ideas emerge clearly and crisply.</div>

<div> You can also help eliminate clutter by practicing your speeches with a</div><div>digital recorder.</div>

Using Language Vividly<br>

IMAGERY比喻

Concrete Words

<div>Concrete words call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch,</div><div>smell, and taste.</div>

Simile明喻<br>

<div>An explicit comparison between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.</div>

Metaphor暗喻<br>

<div>When used effectively, metaphor is an excellent way to bring</div><div>color to a speech, to make abstract ideas concrete, to clarify the unknown, and</div><div>to express feelings and emotions.</div>

APPROPRIATENESS TO THE AUDIENCE

<div>When it comes to appropriateness, you will seldom go wrong by erring</div><div>on the side of caution.</div>

RHYTHM节奏

Parallelism并列

<div>The similar arrangement of a pair or series of</div><div>related words, phrases, or sentences.</div>

<div>Reiteration重复<br></div>

<div>Reiteration of the same word or</div><div>set of words at the beginning or</div><div>end of successive clauses or sentence.</div>

 Create a strong emotional effect.

Alliteration头韵

<div>Repeat the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.</div>

<div>Catch the attention of</div><div>listeners and can make <br>ideas easier to remember.</div>

Antithesis对偶