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第十一天突破英语的复合句

2016-11-15 11:26:39   0  举报

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十二天突破英语语法，武峰著

英语语法

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名词性从句

主语从句

是指在主语的位置不出现词或词组，而出现一个句子。e.g.: What he said is true.他所说的是真的。That he did so much made everyone puzzled.他做得这么多时使每个人都感到惊讶。

引导主语从句的词有：that，whether，who，what，which，when，where，how，why等。 e.g.:①When and where we have this meeting has not been decided.我们举行会议的地点和时间还没有决定。 ②Whether he will come or not was not very clear.他是否来还不清楚。 ③Who had stolen the gun has not been known.谁偷了枪还不知道。 ④Which one will be our teacher is a secret.哪一个是我们老师是个秘密。 ⑤How we solve this problem is very obvious.怎么解决这个问题很明显。 ⑥Why he didn't kill her has not been know.为什么他要杀她还不知道。

主语从句可以用it作为引导词来代替。 e.g.:①It is very clear that where and when we have this meeting.我们什么时间和地点举行会议很清楚了。 ②It is said that ②there are 300 people killed in the accident at least.据说至少有三百人死于这场车祸。 Tips：在主语从句中that作为引导词时不可省略，无意义；其余引导词有意义，不可省略；疑问词引导从句时，从句用陈述句语序。

宾语从句

是指在宾语的位置不出现词或词组，而出现一个句子。 e.g.:①I suppose (that) her bag has been stolen.我想他的包已经被偷了。 ②Henry wanted to know if she will come.亨利想知道她是否来。

引导宾语从句的词有：that，weather，if，who，whom，whose，which，when，where，how，why等。 e.g.:①Everybody doesn't know where the place is.每个人都不知道这是哪儿。 ②Henry wants to know when Bruce will come.亨利想知道布鲁斯什么时候来。 ③Sherry is studying how to use this machine.谢丽正在学习如何使用这台机器。Tips：“代词+不定式”作宾从 ④The teacher asked me why i was late.老师问我为什么迟到。 ⑤Bruce showed which one is better.布鲁斯展示哪一个更好。 ⑥Let's see whose shirt it is.让我们看看这是谁的衬衫。 ⑦I know who did it.我知道谁做的。 Tips：宾语从句中的that作为引导词，可省略无意义；其余引导词有意义，不可省略；疑问词引导从句时，从句用陈述句语序。e.g.:I think (that) we will land on the moon one day.我想我们总有一天会登上月球。过去将来时，过去完成时，过去进行时常用于宾语从句中。 e.g.:①I said i would go to Shanghai next day.我说我明天去上海。（过去将来时） ②He told me that he had finished this job.他告诉我他已经完成了这项工作。（过去完成时） ③She said she was doing the housework at the same time last day.她说昨天这个时候，她正在做家务。（过进）

表语从句

是指在表语的位置不出现词或词组，而出现一个句子。 e.g.: ①That is why he was late.那就是为什么他迟到了。②It's how we solve tis problem.这就是我们如何解决问题的。

引导表语从句的词有：that，weather，if，who，what，which，when，where，how，why等。 e.g.:①The difficulty is that we couldn't speak French.困难是我们不懂法语。 ②The question is weather (if) they will come.问题是他们会不会来。 ③The problem is who will take over this subject.问题是谁来接管这个项目。 ④That's what we are anxious to.那是我们着急的事情。 ⑤The suggestion is which one go to American is better.建议是哪一个去美国更好。 ⑥The last question is when and where we will hold the competion.最后一个问题是我们何时何地举行竞赛。 ⑦The problem is how to solve the affair.问题是怎么解决这个事件。 Tips：在表语从句中that作为引导词不可省略，无意义；其余引导词有意义，不可省略；疑问词引导从句时，从句用陈述句语序。

同位语从句

同位语指的是前后两个名词或是名词短语相互说明，不分前后，不分主次。 e.g.: Beijing,the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.北京是中国的首都，也是一座很漂亮的城市。句中Beijing和the capital of China就是同位语关系，他们是相互说明的关系，而且前后位置可以互换。同位语从句是指在同位语的位置不出现词或词组，而出现一个句子。他一般在（face，idea，news，way，promise等）后面，用于解释前面名词。e.g.: The fact that he broken the window has been proved.它打破玻璃的事实已经证实了。

引导同位语从句的词有：that，how，when，where等。 e.g.:①He had no idea when and where she was dead.他不知道她是何时何地死的。 ②The way how we cope with this thing has been not very clear.怎么解决这个问题的方法我们还不清楚。 Tips：在同位语从句中，that作为引导词时，不可省略，无意义；其余引导词有意义，不可省略；疑问词引导从句时，从句用陈述句语序。

形容词性的定语从句

Tips：这是英语中最重要的语法现象之一。中文中也有定语，也有定语从句，比方说：”美丽的祖国“，这就是”定语加中心词“的用法；”我生活的祖国“，这就是”定语从句加中心词“的用法，但是中文的定语从句和英语的是不一样的，一般来说，中文的定语从句的修饰词的前面，英语在背修饰词的后面。

定义

用来作定语的句子。e.g.: The man whom you are talking with is my brother.你正在说话的人是我兄弟。

几个重要概念

关系词的用法

who用于指人，在句中作主语。 e.g.:①The woman who is wearing the red coat is my mother.穿红毛衣的是我妈妈。 ②The girl who is standing under the tree is my daughter.站在树下的女孩是我女儿。

whom用于指人，在句中作宾语。在口语中可省略，可以用who来代替。 e.g.:①That man whom (who) you were beating is dying.你刚刚打的男人要死了。 ②The woman whom (who) you talked to just now was a thief.刚刚跟你讲话的女人是个小偷。

whose用于指人，在句中作定语。 e.g.:①Henry whose mother is a physician has gone abroad.妈妈是内科医生的亨利已经出国了。 ②Bruce whose brother is a famous scientist wanted to be a doctor.兄弟是著名科学家的布鲁斯想成为一个医生。

which用于指物，在句中做主语或宾语。 e.g.:①The radio (which) you wanted to buy is sold.你想买的收音机已经卖了。 ②The house (which) you lived in was destroyed by a terrible earthquake.你住的房子在地震中毁坏了。 ③The element which made you upset was dismissed.使你紧张的原因消失了。 Tips：当which引导物在定语从句中做宾语的时候是可以省略的，所以上面的带有括号的which都是可以省略的。

that用于指人，也可以指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。 e.g.:①The mobile phone (that) you bought is of no use.你买的手机没有用。 ②This kind of deer that lived in China has decreased.生活在中国的这种鹿已经减少了。 ③Who is that boy that is fishing now?正在钓鱼的男孩是谁？

when用于指时间，在句中作状语。 e.g.:①I never forget those days when i lived here.我再也忘记不了住在这儿的时间。 ②I never forget those days which i spent here.我再也忘记不了在这过的日子。 Tips：lived为不及物动词，所以先行词做状语用when；而spend为及物动词，先行词做宾语，用which。

where用于指定地点，在句中作状语。 e.g.:①This is a house where l lived before.这是我以前住过的房子。 ②This is a house which i lived in before.这是我以前住过的房子。 Tips：lived为不及物动词，所以先行词作状语，用where；而lived in是及物动词词组，所以先行词用which，实际上in which相当于where。

why用于子原因，在句中作状语，前面先行词一般为reason。 e.g.:①That's the reason why i wanted to join the army.那是我参军的原因。 ②Who told you the reason why they didn't want to come here?谁告诉你他们不想来这儿的原因？

that（不止最两序“和which（非介）用法比较

这是定语从句中最重要的内容，记住本书中讲到的这几种用法，只有几个字。

which用于非限定性定语从句中。 e.g.:①He said he was busy,which was not true.他说他很忙，那是假的。 ②We don't want to enter the house,which is very cold.我们不想进房间，因为太冷了。

which用于介词后作宾语。 e.g.:①The room of which windows are opposite to the sea is large.窗户正对着海的房间很大。 ②The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.你坐的椅子是用铁做的。

that一般用于”不“（不定代词作先行词时）、”止“（”只是“only修饰先行词时）、”最“（形容词最高级修饰先行词时）、”两“（先行词同时出现人和物）和”序“（序数词修饰先行词时）5种情况。 e.g.:①All that you need is help.你所需要的是帮助。（all为不定代词） ②A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district.装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区失踪了。（先行词，既有人又有物） ③That is only thing that i want to know.那是我唯一想知道的事情。（先行词有only修饰） ④The last book that you bought is that i wanted to buy.你买的最后一本书是我想买的。（先行词有序数词修饰） ⑤What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before?你以前见过的最大尺寸的地图有多大？（先行词有形容词最高级修饰）

种类

非限定性定语从句

也叫描绘性定语从句。e.g.:They don't like that people,who is noisy.他们不喜欢那个人，因为她太吵闹了。 Tips：非限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松，用逗号隔开，可以省略。它翻译时，相当于一个状语从句。

限定性定语从句

e.g.:They don't like that person who is noisy.他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。限定性定语从句和先行词关系紧密不可省略。

副词性的状语从句

是指在状语的位置不出现词或词组，而出现一个句子。

时间和条件状语从句（用一般时代替将来时） e.g.:①If it rains tomorrow,we will put off the sports meeting.如果明天下雨，我们就延迟运动会。 Tips：在if引导的条件句中，应用rains（一般现在时）代替will rain（一般将来时）。 ②As soon as she comes to home,i will ask her to call you.她一到家我就让她打电话给你。 Tips：在as soon as引导的时间句中，应用come（一般现在时）代替will come（一般将来时）。 ③When he goes to the theatre,the film will start.当他到电影院时，电影开始了。 ④Unless i die i will struggle with you forever.除非我死了，我会和你斗争到底。

原因状语从句，它常由because，as，since来引导。 e.g.:①I can't go to school because i caught a terrile cold.我不能去上学，因为我得了严重的感冒。 ②We could do whatever we like since they didn't care for us.既然他们不喜欢我们，我们可以做任何想做的事情。 ③As he was old,he can't lift the stone.因为他年纪大了，所以他举不起这块石头。 Tips：在原因状语从句中so不可和because同时出现，记住“有因为没有所以；有所以没有因为。”它们的使用方法和中文不同。

让步状语从句，它常用although，though和even if来引导。 e.g.:①Although she was too old,she still did well in drawing.尽管她年纪很大了，但还是很擅长绘画。 ②It is cold although / though it is still fall.今晚还是秋天，但是天气很冷了。 Tips：在原因状语从句中although/though不可和but同时出现，记住“有虽然没有但是；有但是没有虽然。”它们的使用方法和中文不同。

比较状语从句（详见于“形容词和副词的比较等级”一节）

结果状语从句和目的状语从句。 e.g.:①Bruce got up so late that he could not catch the first train.布鲁斯起的太晚了，以至于没有赶上头班火车。（so…that表示“太……以至于”，结果状语。） ②Bruce got up early so that he could catch the first train.布鲁斯起的这么早，就为了赶上头班火车。（so that 表示“为了……”，目的状语。）结果状语的连接词还有：so…as to，in order…that，in order to等。 e.g.:①His eyesight is so bad as not to see anything.他的视力太差了，以至于什么也看不见。 ②His eyesight is bad in order that be could't see anything. Tips：so…asto和in order to后接不定式，而in order…that后接句子。目的状语的连接词还有：so as to，in order to， in order that等。 e.g.:①She spoke slowly so as to be understood. ②She spoke slowly in order that she can be understood. ③In order to be understood she spoke slowly.她说的很慢，是为了别人听懂。 Tips：so as to和in order to后接不定式；in order that后接句子。

方式状语从句，它常由as if/though来引导。 e.g.:①He looks as if he's very happy.他看上去很高兴。 ②It looks as though it is going to rain.要下雨了。

地点状语从句，它常由where和wherever来引导。 e.g.:①Put it where it was.把它放在原来的地方。 ②You could go wherever you like.你可以去你任何想去的地方。 Tips：定语从句中where作定语时的区别，详见定语从句。 ①Put it where it was.（正确，是地点状语从句。） ②Put it in which where it was.（错误，因为定语从句需要先行词，而此句中没有。） ③Put it in the place where it was.（正确，这是用where引导的表示地点的定语从句。） ④Put it in the place in which it was.（正确，因为在定语从句的某些场合下，where和in which是可以互换的。）要判断地点状语从句和定语从句要看引导词前是否有名词，如果有先行词就是定语从句，没有的话就是状语从句。