第十一天 突破英语的复合句
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十二天突破英语语法,武峰著
英语语法
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名词性从句
主语从句
是指在主语的位置不出现词或词组,而出现一个句子。e.g.: What he said is true.他所说的是真的。That he did so much made everyone puzzled.他做得这么多时使每个人都感到惊讶。
引导主语从句的词有:that,whether,who,what,which,when,where,how,why等。 e.g.:①When and where we have this meeting has not been decided.我们举行会议的地点和时间还没有决定。 ②Whether he will come or not was not very clear.他是否来还不清楚。 ③Who had stolen the gun has not been known.谁偷了枪还不知道。 ④Which one will be our teacher is a secret.哪一个是我们老师是个秘密。 ⑤How we solve this problem is very obvious.怎么解决这个问题很明显。 ⑥Why he didn't kill her has not been know.为什么他要杀她还不知道。
主语从句可以用it作为引导词来代替。 e.g.:①It is very clear that where and when we have this meeting.我们什么时间和地点举行会议很清楚了。 ②It is said that ②there are 300 people killed in the accident at least.据说至少有三百人死于这场车祸。 Tips:在主语从句中that作为引导词时不可省略,无意义;其余引导词有意义,不可省略;疑问词引导从句时,从句用陈述句语序。
宾语从句
是指在宾语的位置不出现词或词组,而出现一个句子。 e.g.:①I suppose (that) her bag has been stolen.我想他的包已经被偷了。 ②Henry wanted to know if she will come.亨利想知道她是否来。
引导宾语从句的词有:that,weather,if,who,whom,whose,which,when,where,how,why等。 e.g.:①Everybody doesn't know where the place is.每个人都不知道这是哪儿。 ②Henry wants to know when Bruce will come.亨利想知道布鲁斯什么时候来。 ③Sherry is studying how to use this machine.谢丽正在学习如何使用这台机器。Tips:“代词+不定式”作宾从 ④The teacher asked me why i was late.老师问我为什么迟到。 ⑤Bruce showed which one is better.布鲁斯展示哪一个更好。 ⑥Let's see whose shirt it is.让我们看看这是谁的衬衫。 ⑦I know who did it.我知道谁做的。 Tips:宾语从句中的that作为引导词,可省略无意义;其余引导词有意义,不可省略;疑问词引导从句时,从句用陈述句语序。e.g.:I think (that) we will land on the moon one day.我想我们总有一天会登上月球。 过去将来时,过去完成时,过去进行时常用于宾语从句中。 e.g.:①I said i would go to Shanghai next day.我说我明天去上海。(过去将来时) ②He told me that he had finished this job.他告诉我他已经完成了这项工作。(过去完成时) ③She said she was doing the housework at the same time last day.她说昨天这个时候,她正在做家务。(过进)
表语从句
是指在表语的位置不出现词或词组,而出现一个句子。 e.g.: ①That is why he was late.那就是为什么他迟到了。②It's how we solve tis problem.这就是我们如何解决问题的。
引导表语从句的词有:that,weather,if,who,what,which,when,where,how,why等。 e.g.:①The difficulty is that we couldn't speak French.困难是我们不懂法语。 ②The question is weather (if) they will come.问题是他们会不会来。 ③The problem is who will take over this subject.问题是谁来接管这个项目。 ④That's what we are anxious to.那是我们着急的事情。 ⑤The suggestion is which one go to American is better.建议是哪一个去美国更好。 ⑥The last question is when and where we will hold the competion.最后一个问题是我们何时何地举行竞赛。 ⑦The problem is how to solve the affair.问题是怎么解决这个事件。 Tips:在表语从句中that作为引导词不可省略,无意义;其余引导词有意义,不可省略;疑问词引导从句时,从句用陈述句语序。
同位语从句
同位语指的是前后两个名词或是名词短语相互说明,不分前后,不分主次。 e.g.: Beijing,the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.北京是中国的首都,也是一座很漂亮的城市。 句中Beijing和the capital of China就是同位语关系,他们是相互说明的关系,而且前后位置可以互换。 同位语从句是指在同位语的位置不出现词或词组,而出现一个句子。他一般在(face,idea,news,way,promise等)后面,用于解释前面名词。e.g.: The fact that he broken the window has been proved.它打破玻璃的事实已经证实了。
引导同位语从句的词有:that,how,when,where等。 e.g.:①He had no idea when and where she was dead.他不知道她是何时何地死的。 ②The way how we cope with this thing has been not very clear.怎么解决这个问题的方法我们还不清楚。 Tips:在同位语从句中,that作为引导词时,不可省略,无意义;其余引导词有意义,不可省略;疑问词引导从句时,从句用陈述句语序。
形容词性的定语从句
Tips:这是英语中最重要的语法现象之一。中文中也有定语,也有定语从句,比方说:”美丽的祖国“,这就是”定语加中心词“的用法;”我生活的祖国“,这就是”定语从句加中心词“的用法,但是中文的定语从句和英语的是不一样的,一般来说,中文的定语从句的修饰词的前面,英语在背修饰词的后面。
定义
用来作定语的句子。e.g.: The man whom you are talking with is my brother.你正在说话的人是我兄弟。
几个重要概念
关系词的用法
who用于指人,在句中作主语。 e.g.:①The woman who is wearing the red coat is my mother.穿红毛衣的是我妈妈。 ②The girl who is standing under the tree is my daughter.站在树下的女孩是我女儿。
whom用于指人,在句中作宾语。在口语中可省略,可以用who来代替。 e.g.:①That man whom (who) you were beating is dying.你刚刚打的男人要死了。 ②The woman whom (who) you talked to just now was a thief.刚刚跟你讲话的女人是个小偷。
whose用于指人,在句中作定语。 e.g.:①Henry whose mother is a physician has gone abroad.妈妈是内科医生的亨利已经出国了。 ②Bruce whose brother is a famous scientist wanted to be a doctor.兄弟是著名科学家的布鲁斯想成为一个医生。
which用于指物,在句中做主语或宾语。 e.g.:①The radio (which) you wanted to buy is sold.你想买的收音机已经卖了。 ②The house (which) you lived in was destroyed by a terrible earthquake.你住的房子在地震中毁坏了。 ③The element which made you upset was dismissed.使你紧张的原因消失了。 Tips:当which引导物在定语从句中做宾语的时候是可以省略的,所以上面的带有括号的which都是可以省略的。
that用于指人,也可以指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。 e.g.:①The mobile phone (that) you bought is of no use.你买的手机没有用。 ②This kind of deer that lived in China has decreased.生活在中国的这种鹿已经减少了。 ③Who is that boy that is fishing now?正在钓鱼的男孩是谁?
when用于指时间,在句中作状语。 e.g.:①I never forget those days when i lived here.我再也忘记不了住在这儿的时间。 ②I never forget those days which i spent here.我再也忘记不了在这过的日子。 Tips:lived为不及物动词,所以先行词做状语用when;而spend为及物动词,先行词做宾语,用which。
where用于指定地点,在句中作状语。 e.g.:①This is a house where l lived before.这是我以前住过的房子。 ②This is a house which i lived in before.这是我以前住过的房子。 Tips:lived为不及物动词,所以先行词作状语,用where;而lived in是及物动词词组,所以先行词用which, 实际上in which相当于where。
why用于子原因,在句中作状语,前面先行词一般为reason。 e.g.:①That's the reason why i wanted to join the army.那是我参军的原因。 ②Who told you the reason why they didn't want to come here?谁告诉你他们不想来这儿的原因?
that(不止最两序“和which(非介)用法比较
这是定语从句中最重要的内容,记住本书中讲到的这几种用法,只有几个字。
which用于非限定性定语从句中。 e.g.:①He said he was busy,which was not true.他说他很忙,那是假的。 ②We don't want to enter the house,which is very cold.我们不想进房间,因为太冷了。
which用于介词后作宾语。 e.g.:①The room of which windows are opposite to the sea is large.窗户正对着海的房间很大。 ②The chair in which you are sitting is made of iron.你坐的椅子是用铁做的。
that一般用于”不“(不定代词作先行词时)、”止“(”只是“only修饰先行词时)、”最“(形容词最高级修饰先行词时)、”两“(先行词同时出现人和物)和”序“(序数词修饰先行词时)5种情况。 e.g.:①All that you need is help.你所需要的是帮助。(all为不定代词) ②A lot of things and children that are full of the car were lost in the district.装满了车的东西和孩子们在这个地区 失踪了。(先行词,既有人又有物) ③That is only thing that i want to know.那是我唯一想知道的事情。(先行词有only修饰) ④The last book that you bought is that i wanted to buy.你买的最后一本书是我想买的。(先行词有序数词修饰) ⑤What is the size of the largest map that you have seen before?你以前见过的最大尺寸的地图有多大?(先行词 有形容词最高级修饰)
种类
非限定性定语从句
也叫描绘性定语从句。e.g.:They don't like that people,who is noisy.他们不喜欢那个人,因为她太吵闹了。 Tips:非限定性定语从句和先行词关系疏松,用逗号隔开,可以省略。它翻译时,相当于一个状语从句。
限定性定语从句
e.g.:They don't like that person who is noisy.他们不喜欢那个吵闹的人。限定性定语从句和先行词关系紧密不可省略。
副词性的状语从句
是指在状语的位置不出现词或词组,而出现一个句子。
时间和条件状语从句(用一般时代替将来时) e.g.:①If it rains tomorrow,we will put off the sports meeting.如果明天下雨,我们就延迟运动会。 Tips:在if引导的条件句中,应用rains(一般现在时)代替will rain(一般将来时)。 ②As soon as she comes to home,i will ask her to call you.她一到家我就让她打电话给你。 Tips:在as soon as引导的时间句中,应用come(一般现在时)代替will come(一般将来时)。 ③When he goes to the theatre,the film will start.当他到电影院时,电影开始了。 ④Unless i die i will struggle with you forever.除非我死了,我会和你斗争到底。
原因状语从句,它常由because,as,since来引导。 e.g.:①I can't go to school because i caught a terrile cold.我不能去上学,因为我得了严重的感冒。 ②We could do whatever we like since they didn't care for us.既然他们不喜欢我们,我们可以做任何想做的事情。 ③As he was old,he can't lift the stone.因为他年纪大了,所以他举不起这块石头。 Tips:在原因状语从句中so不可和because同时出现,记住“有因为没有所以;有所以没有因为。”它们的使用方法和中文不同。
让步状语从句,它常用although,though和even if来引导。 e.g.:①Although she was too old,she still did well in drawing.尽管她年纪很大了,但还是很擅长绘画。 ②It is cold although / though it is still fall.今晚还是秋天,但是天气很冷了。 Tips:在原因状语从句中although/though不可和but同时出现,记住“有虽然没有但是;有但是没有虽然。”它们的使用方法和中文不同。
比较状语从句(详见于“形容词和副词的比较等级”一节)
结果状语从句和目的状语从句。 e.g.:①Bruce got up so late that he could not catch the first train.布鲁斯起的太晚了,以至于没有赶上头班火车。 (so…that表示“太……以至于”,结果状语。) ②Bruce got up early so that he could catch the first train.布鲁斯起的这么早,就为了赶上头班火车。 (so that 表示“为了……”,目的状语。) 结果状语的连接词还有:so…as to,in order…that,in order to等。 e.g.:①His eyesight is so bad as not to see anything.他的视力太差了,以至于什么也看不见。 ②His eyesight is bad in order that be could't see anything. Tips:so…asto和in order to后接不定式,而in order…that后接句子。 目的状语的连接词还有:so as to,in order to, in order that等。 e.g.:①She spoke slowly so as to be understood. ②She spoke slowly in order that she can be understood. ③In order to be understood she spoke slowly.她说的很慢,是为了别人听懂。 Tips:so as to和in order to后接不定式;in order that后接句子。
方式状语从句,它常由as if/though来引导。 e.g.:①He looks as if he's very happy.他看上去很高兴。 ②It looks as though it is going to rain.要下雨了。
地点状语从句,它常由where和wherever来引导。 e.g.:①Put it where it was.把它放在原来的地方。 ②You could go wherever you like.你可以去你任何想去的地方。 Tips:定语从句中where作定语时的区别,详见定语从句。 ①Put it where it was.(正确,是地点状语从句。) ②Put it in which where it was.(错误,因为定语从句需要先行词,而此句中没有。) ③Put it in the place where it was.(正确,这是用where引导的表示地点的定语从句。) ④Put it in the place in which it was.(正确,因为在定语从句的某些场合下,where和in which是可以互换的。) 要判断地点状语从句和定语从句要看引导词前是否有名词,如果有先行词就是定语从句,没有的话就是状语从句。
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