中学生认知
2016-11-08 17:18:05 0 举报AI智能生成
认知是个体获取、理解、记忆和应用信息的过程。它是我们理解世界，解决问题，做出决策的基础。认知过程包括感知、注意、记忆、思考和解决问题等。通过这些过程，我们可以从环境中获取信息，然后对这些信息进行加工处理，形成自己的知识和理解。认知不仅影响我们的学习和工作效率，也影响我们的思维方式和行为模式。例如，良好的认知能力可以帮助我们更好地理解和处理复杂的问题，提高我们的学习能力和工作效率。同时，认知也可能受到许多因素的影响，如情绪、健康状况、环境等。因此，了解和管理自己的认知过程，对于提高生活质量和工作效率具有重要意义。
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><font color="#000000">三、</font></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;<br>color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:<br>ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">中学生认知发展的规律</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">认知发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">认知是个体认识客观世界的信息加工活动。</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">心理学将个体认知的功能系统不断完善的变化过程称为认知发展。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">中学生感知的发展规律<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生具有很强的感觉能力<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生感知觉的随意性较强<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生空间知觉和时间知觉有较大发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">中学生想象的发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生的想象具有较强的随意性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生想象的创造性逐渐占优势<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生的想象更富于现实性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:<br>text1">中学生思维的发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、思维的整体结构基本形成并趋于稳定<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、思维的深刻性日益提高<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、思维的创造性日益增强<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、思维的自我监控能力显著增强<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">5 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、中学生抽象思维的发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">6</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">、中学生创造性思维的发展</span></b>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">求同思维（聚合思维）</span></b>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">求异思维（发散思维）</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">一、中学生认知发展理论<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">认知发展的含义<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">认知发展，指的是认识（即心理现象中的知）的发展，是心理发展中极其重要的组成部分，一般指与大脑生长和知识技能有关的发展方面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">皮亚杰关于认知发展的阶段理论</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">（一）皮亚杰的认知发展观<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">图式，是指儿童对环境进行适应的认知结构。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">平衡，是指同化作用和顺应作用两种机能的平衡。不断发展着的平衡状态，就是整个心理的发展过程。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">同化，是指儿童利用已有的图式把新刺激纳入到原有的认知结构中去。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">顺应，是指儿童通过改变原有的图式或形成新图式的方式适应新刺激。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">（二）皮亚杰的认知发展阶段论<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">第一阶段<span lang="EN-US"> </span>感知运动阶段<span lang="EN-US">(0~2 </span>岁<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">最初的感觉动作笼统含糊，缺乏精确性和协调性的，也分辩不清自己与周围世界的关系。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">随后，开始组织自己的感觉与动作以应付环境中的刺激。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">后期，感觉与动作才渐渐分化而有调适作用的表现，开始意识到主体与客体的区别，有了客体恒常性概念，思维也开始萌芽。</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;<br>line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:<br>宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">第二阶段<span lang="EN-US"> </span>前运算阶段<span lang="EN-US">(2~7 </span>岁<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">儿童认为外界的一切事物都是有生命的；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">所有的人都有相同的感受，一切以自我为中心；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">认知活动具有相对具体性，还不能进行抽象的运算思维；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">思维不具有可逆性<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">思维不能守恒</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">第三阶段<span lang="EN-US"> </span>具体运算阶段<span lang="EN-US">(7~11 </span>岁<span lang="EN-US">) <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">这个阶段儿童能凭借具体事物或从具体事物中获得的表象进行逻辑思维和群集运算，但是思维仍然需要具体事物的支持。该阶段的标志是守恒观念的形成。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">第四阶段<span lang="EN-US"> </span>形式运算阶段<span lang="EN-US">(11~15 </span>岁<span lang="EN-US">)<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">这一阶段青少年能够运用假设演绎推理的方式来解决问题，形成了解决各种问题的推理逻辑；能够理解符号，并运用符号进行命题思维。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">皮亚杰生平介绍</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Jean
Piaget</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:
text1">，<span lang="EN-US">1896-1980 <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1918</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">年，自然科学博士<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1919</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">年，比纳实验室<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1924</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">年，日内瓦大学教授<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1924-1932 </span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">，研究儿童的语言与思维<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1925-1931</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">，提出儿童智力起源等一系列重要理论<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1929</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">年以后，发生认识论<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1;tab-stops:list 72.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Wingdings 2";
mso-fareast-font-family:"Wingdings 2";mso-bidi-font-family:"Wingdings 2";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1980</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">年， 病逝<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">二.中学生认知发展的特点</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Wingdings;
mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">n<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">知觉发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
发现过程
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Elkind<br>& Scott (1962)</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;<br>font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;<br>mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">研究了<span lang="EN-US">4-11</span>岁儿童；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">结果发现：<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;<br>mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";<br>mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:<br>EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">对于模棱两可图形，年幼儿童往往只看到其中的一个方面，而青少年则可以很好地知觉两个方面</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、青少年具有很强的感觉能力<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">个体在<span lang="EN-US">15</span>岁前后，其视觉和听觉等感觉能力甚至超过成人。</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Wingdings;<br>mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;<br>mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold"><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">初中生对各种颜色的区分能力比小学一年级学生高<span lang="EN-US">60%</span>以上。初中生对音高的分辨能力也比小学生高很多。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">青少年的其他感觉也有很大发展，特别是关节、肌肉的感觉能力得到很大的提高。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">2</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、青少年感知觉的随意性较强<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">感知觉的随意性是个体按照预定的目的自觉地调节自己的感知活动能力，是个体顺利完成学习任务必备的心理品质。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">感知觉的随意性主要表现在观察活动的选择性和持续性两个方面。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、空间知觉和时间知觉有较大发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:<br>150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:<br>minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;<br>mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">空间知觉的抽象性有了明显的发展。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">个体逐渐能够能在抽象的水平上理解图形的形状、大小及其相互间的位置。宏观的空间观念逐渐形成起来</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Wingdings;
mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">n<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">注意发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Hale &
Aldennan </span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">（<span lang="EN-US">1978</span>）采用中心<span lang="EN-US">-</span>附带学习范式，探讨了<span lang="EN-US">9</span>岁和<span lang="EN-US">12</span>岁儿童的选择性注意。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">结果发现：与观看<span lang="EN-US">6</span>秒相比，在观看<span lang="EN-US">12</span>秒的情况下，<span lang="EN-US">9</span>岁儿童对中心事物和附带事物都有更好的记忆；而<span lang="EN-US">12</span>岁儿童的记忆成绩提升主要表现在中心事物上，对附带事物的记忆成绩没有提升；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">9</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">岁儿童把注意分配到了两种学习任务上，而<span lang="EN-US">12</span>岁儿童能更好地进行选择性注意。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Wingdings;
mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">n<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">记忆的特征<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">工作记忆容量增加；</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">抑制和执行过程更有效；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">自动加工增加；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">采用更多有效的策略；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">加工速度提升。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">记忆发展的原因</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">1</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、有意识记占主导地位<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">有意识记是个体对一定对象有目的、有计划的识记，在必要时还须付出一定的意志努力。</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">个体能自觉地、独立地提出较为长远的识记目的和任务，选择适合自己的识记方法，自觉地检查识记的效果，对识记过程进行自我监控。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">2</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:
ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">、理解识记逐渐成为主要识记方法</span></b>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">初中阶段是由机械识记向理解识记过渡的阶段，初二是一个转折时期。</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">在高中阶段，理解识记已成为学生识记的主要方法<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">3</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、抽象记忆占优势<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">在初中阶段，个体的抽象记忆的发展水平逐渐超过形象记忆。</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">到了高中阶段，个体的抽象记忆已占绝对优势。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">4</span></b><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">、记忆策略的发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">采用更为复杂的策略<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">策略运用更广泛，更灵活<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:
150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 36.0pt"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:Wingdings;
mso-fareast-font-family:Wingdings;mso-bidi-font-family:Wingdings;color:black;
mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">n<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:
minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">思维的发展<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">童年期思维关注此时此地的世界，青少年期关注可能的世界；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">能进行系统的假设检验和科学推理；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">能通过事先规划思考未来；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">能够反省自己的思维过程，亦即进行元认知；<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">思维的内容拓展到包含社会、道德、政治问题，不仅包括外部世界，而且包括自我问题。（<span lang="EN-US">Keating</span>，<span lang="EN-US">1980</span>）<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">批判性思维发展的关键时期（<span lang="EN-US">Keating</span>，<span lang="EN-US">1990</span>）。</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-fareast-font-family:
宋体;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-fareast;
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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