首页  思维导图  详情

语言学复习chapter1

2025-09-07 18:13:49   0  举报





仅支持查看

AI智能生成

考研语言学胡壮麟语言学教程复习背诵思路

考研

英专

语言学

作者其他创作

大纲/内容

Language

why study language

1.Language is very essential to huamn beings

2.In language there are many things we should know

3.For further understanding ,we need to study langauge scientifically

what is language

(1)

(1)Language is a means of verbal communication.It is a aystem of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

(2)

(2)①First of all, language is a system,ie,elements of language are combined according to rules

②Second,langauge is arbitaray in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands by

③Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound.

④The term "human" in the definition is meant to specifiy that language is human specific.

Design features of language

Definition:Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal communication

Arbitrariness

①As mentioned earlier,language is arbitrary.This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Agood example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages.

②On the other hand,we should be aware that while language is arbitrary by nature ,it is not entirely arbitrary;certain words are motivated. the best examples are the onomatopoeic words ,such as rumble,crash,cackle,bang in English,and some compound words like photo and copy.

arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning

Arbitrariness at the syntactic level

According to systemic functionalists and Americian functionlists,language is not arbitrary at the syntactic

Arbitrariness and convention

idiom -meaning it is conventional to say thingsthis way and you cannot change the expression any other way even if you think it dose not look or sound logical.While arbitrariness makes it potentially creative,and conventionality of language makes learning a language laborious.

productivity/Creativity

①Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.

②can produce and understand an infinitely large munber of sentences even never heard before

③Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and recevive. And bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources,which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the dancing.

Duality

①means language has two sets of structure or two levels

②At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds which are meanings by themthelves.

③But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words,which are found at the higher level of the system.

④This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.

Displacement

①Language can be used to refer to things which are represent or not present, real or imagined matters in the past , present , or future ,or in far away places,can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.

②Animal calls are maimly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation, ie in contact of food,in presence of danger,or in pain.Once the danger or pain is gone,calls stop.

Cultural transmission

While human capacity for language has agenetic basis, ie we were all born with ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted ,but instead have to be taught and learned.English and Chinese are not mutually intelligible showed culturally transmitted.

origin

The Divine source

神授说，已摒弃

The Natural sound source

The "pooh-pooh"theory模声说

The "bow-bow"theory感叹说

The "yo-he-ho" theory劳动号子

The Musical source

The Social interaction source

The physical Adaptation Source物理适应

口语体势相关

The tool-making source

The Genetic source言语遗传学

functions

Definition:Three main functions are often recognized of language:the descriptive function,the expressive function,and the social function.

Descriptive function

①The descriptive function,also referred to differently as the cognitive or referential,or propositional function, is assumed to be the primary function of language.

②It is the function to convey factual information,which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified,eg,"The sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered."

Expressive function

also called the emotive or attitudinal function,supplies information about the user's feelings,preferences, prejudices,and values,eg,"I will never go camping with Simpsons again."

Social function

also referred to as the interpersonal function,servs to establish and maintain social relations between people,eg "How can i help you,sir"

Jakobson

Addresser-Emotive

to express attitudes,fellings and emotions

Addressee-Conative

to persuade and influence others through commands and requests

Context-Referential

to convey message and information

Message-Poetic

to indulge in language for its own sake

Contact-Phatic communion

to establish communion with others

Code-Metalinguistic

to clear up intentions and meanings

Hlliday

This system contains three macrofunctions -the ideational, the interpersonal,and the textual

Ideational function

is to recognize the speaker or writer's experience of the real or imaginary world.It corresponds closely to the descriptive function discussed above,but it is broader because it also includes the expression of the speaker's attitude,evalution,his feelings and emotions.

Interpersonal function

is to indicate establish or maintain social relationships between people.It expresses the speaker's role in the speech situation,his personal commitment and assessment of the social relationship,between the addressee and himself.

Textual function

is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.

子主题

Linguisitics

What is linguistics

子主题

分支主题

子主题

branches

几组区别概念