derivation派生构词
derivation
refers to the morphological process of forming a lexeme by attaching an affix to an existing lexeme
affixes involved in derivation like -ion are derivational affixes or derivational morphemes
derivation of nouns:V---N,A---N,N---N. derivation of verbs: A---V, N---V, V---V derivation of adjectives: V---A, N---A, A---A. derivation of adverbs : A---Adv.<br>
Categorisation 词类化
Most of the above derivational processes involve the change of category of the base lexeme, and thus this process is also called <b>categorisation（词类化）</b>.
In such a process, the attached affix is called a <b>categorisers(词类标记)</b>, which carriesnan important piece of grammatical information,ie. the <b>categorial feature（此类特征）</b>.
conversion 转类
Closely related to derivation is the process of conversion, which also yields a new lexem.
the above examples that the shifting of a category ,ie, the process of categorisation, is often realised by the attachment of an affix, or categoriser.
But sometimes, categorisation can take place without affixation, and when this happens, we call this type of categorisation <b>"zero-derivation"(零派生)</b>, or <b>"conversion"（转类）</b>
N---V: email A---V :cool V---N: kick
compounding复合构词
definition:like derivation, compounding also yields new lexemes,but these two lexeme formation strategies differ in that the compounding involves the combination of lexemes,instead of a lexeme and an affix,like in the word "blackmail", both parts are lexemes and no affix is involved in the formation.thus,blackmail is thus a <b>compound(复合构词)</b>, or <b>compound word（复合词）</b>.
types
attributive compounds 修饰型复合词
An attributive compound is made of two lexemes, with one modifying the other,ie. one being the modifier and the other being the head
windmill, bookstore, lowlife, coffe table
coordinative compound 并列型复合词
In coordinative compound, the two subcomponents are equal, without one modifying the other
prince-consort(王夫，一个既是王子又是伴侣的人), teacher-student
subordinative compounds 从属型复合词
a subordinative compound is when one of the subcomponents is understood to be the argument of the other.
truck-driver,tactor-driving, cigarette-smoking, can-opener,coffee-grinder
argument
In a sentence, the subject and the object ( if there is one ) are the arguments of the verb
another classification
synthetic compounds合成性复合词
such above compounds are also called synthetic compounds, because in addition to compounding, the process of word formation also involves derivation ( from verb to noun,eg,from drive to driver)
root compounds根复合词
the other types of compounds, such as the compounds in the above examples, which only involve the process of compounding, are also called root compounds.(windmill,and blackmail,etc.)
meaning of compounds
The meaning of some compounds is transparent, which seems to be the composition of the semantic components of the sub-lexemes, just like the composition of the meaning of words in a phrase. Synthetic compounds are of this type: as we have introduced above, the first sub-lexeme is taken as the patient of the verbal lexeme.
But the meaning of come compounds is not compositional,for examples,blackmail.
inflection屈折构词
definition: The morphological process of inflection does not give rise to a new lexeme, but only yields different word forms of same lexeme.
Inflectional affixes/morphemes
The affixes attached in this inflectional process are therefore inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes.
examples
-s(third-person singular present)
he likes sth
-ed (past tense)
he liked sth
-ing(progressive)
he is reading sth
-en(past participle)
he has eaten sth
-s(plural)
he has three apples
-er(comparative)
he works harder than him
-est(superlative)
he works the hardest.
-ai,-as,-a,-ons,-ez,-ont将来时(法)
minor morphological processes次要形态变化
coinage词语新造<br>
which refers to the introduction of a completely new word: TV , computer, iPhone,were once not in the lexiicon of the language, simply because such things had not been invented then.
Blending 截搭<br>
<b>Blending（截搭）</b> is another way of forming a new lexeme, which is a process of combing parts of two lexemes which themeselves are not morphemes.2.the words formed from this process are <b>blends(截搭词)</b>.
brunch is the "br-" in breakfast and "-unch" in lunch,which means the meal between breakfast and lunch,a late morning meal eaten instead of breakfast and lunch.
mortor+ hotel ---motel; simultaneous+ broadcast---simulcast; smoke+ fog---smog; spoon+ fork---spork; situation+ comedy---sitcom
Back formation 逆构<br>
Backformation happens when native speakers perceive an originally simple word,ie, a word that is monomorphemic,as one consisting of more than one morpheme
like:surveillance---surveil; it is reanalysed as a word derived via the attachment of the suffix-ance to the verb surveil; burglar---burgle; peddler---peddle; editor---edit
Clipping 截短<br>
clipping is another process of forming a new word, which involves the shortening of an existing longer word.
Acronym 缩略<br>
Acronyms are words created by combining the first letters of the words of a phrase or a name: WTO, NATO, TOEFL, IELTS
some acronyms can be pronounced as a word (such as NATO,TOEFL,and IELTS), and some are pronounced as individual letters ( such as WTO)
Although acronyms are often used to refer to any abbreviation formed via the combination of initial letters,some dictionaries make a distinction between acronyms and initialism(首字母缩写词), with the acronyms only referring to items like NATO, and TOEFL pronnounced as individual words, and the initialisms referring to items like WTO that are abbreviations consisting of individual letters pronounced separately.
