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语言学复习第二章Speech sound

2025-09-10 18:23:21   0  举报

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在语言学复习的第二章中，我们深入探讨了语音学的基础知识。本章集中于语言中声音（即音素）的分析，这是任何想要理解语言机制的人的关键起点。我们在探索语音如何产生和人类如何感知这些声音的基础上，识别了各种语音特征。这部分内容涉及物理声学、生理语言学和语音的感知等领域。核心内容包括对音节结构的讨论、发音中的声学特性以及辅音和元音的区别。此外，我们还探讨了语音学的两个主要领域：音段音位学和超音段音位学。前者主要集中在最小的可区分声音单位，而后者则关涉到音调、节奏和强弱等语音特征。文件类型对于复习过程也很重要。在这一章里，我们可能使用了多种形式的文件，包括教科书摘录、学术文章、语音音频和视频样本，这些都有助于我们更好地理解抽象概念。为了增加描述的丰富性，我们还可以提及一些修饰语，比如“深入分析”、“系统化论述”或者“实践导向”。例如，“深入分析了语音产生和感知的基础过程”或“系统化论述了语音学中的关键概念，利用音频和视频资料辅助实践导向的复习。” 总的来说，这一章是语言学理解的关键基石，详细阐述了构成自然语言和人工语言音质层面的基础。

语言学

语音学

音系学

考研

英专

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大纲/内容

phonetics

definition:Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.

articulatory phonetics

acoustic phonetics

auditory phonetics

sppech production

gestures

definition:Most speech sounds are made by movements of tongue and lips,and these movements are called Gestures.

Phonetic transcription--The IPAchart

IPA published IPAchart in 1888 in August

Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound,and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible,using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.These principles continue to be followed today.

The diacritics are symbols or marks  used together with consonant and vowe symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.

Consonants and Vowels

Consonants

In the manner of articulation

1.STOP/PLOSIVE塞音/爆破音/破裂音

definition:Complete closure of articulators is involved so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth.

It essential to separate three phase in the production of a stop:(a)the closing phase,in which the articulators come together;(b) the hold or compression phase, during which air is compressed behind the closure;(c) the release phase, during which articulators forming the obstruction come rapidly apart and the air is suddenly released.

[b,p,t,d,k,g]

2.NASAL鼻音

If the air is stopeed in the oral cavity because the soft palate is down but it can go out through the nasal cavity,the sound produced is a NASAL STOP ,in contrast to an oral stop.

For short,we use the term stop for an oral stop and nasal for nasal stop

[m,n,ŋ]

3.FRICATIVE擦音

A fricatives produced when there is close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstucted and turblent airflow is produced.The audible friction gives this class of sounds the label "fricative"

[f, v, ɵ，ð，s, z, ʃ，ʒ，h,]

4.APPROXIMANT近音/通音

definition：This is an articulation in which one articulator is close to another,but without the vocal tract being narrowed to produce turbulence in the airstream.

[w,ɹ，j]

As [j]and [w] can also be analyed as vowels,it is an important point to note,that this category overlaps with that of vowel.

5.LATERAL边音

The obstruction of the airstream is at a point along the center of the oral tract,with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.

As the lateral passage forms a stricture of open approximation,it is called "lateral".If  friction is produced,it is a "lateral fricative."

[l]

6.TRILL颤音/滚音

A trill is produced when an articulor is set vibrating by the airstream.

[r]

7.TAP and FFLAP触音和闪音

When the tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge to produce only one vibration, the sound is called a tap.

[ɼ，ɽ]：[t,d]---[ɼ]

8.AFFRICATE塞擦音

Affricates involve more than one of these manners of articulation in that they consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation.

[tʃ]

the place of articulation

1.BILABIAL双唇音

Bilabial consonants are made with the two lips.

[b,p,m,]

[w]is similar bur slightly different, it is treated as a labial-velar approximant, listed in the section of other symbols 

2.LABIODENTAL唇齿音

These  are made with the lower lip and the upper front teeth.

[f,v]

3.DENTAL齿音

Dental sounds are made by the tongue tip or blade (depending on the accent or language)and the upper front teeth

[ɵ，ð]

4.ALVEOLAR齿龈音

Alveolars are made with the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge.

[t,d,n,s,z,l,ɹ]

5.POSTALVEOLAR or PALATO-ALVEOLAR齿龈后音/腭龈音

These are made with the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.

[ʃ，ʒ]

6.PETROFLEX卷舌音

Retroflex sounds are made with the tongue tip or blade curled back so that the underside of the tongue tip or blade forms a stricture with the back of the alveolar ridge or the hard palate.

[ʂ]

7.PALATAL硬腭音

Palatal sounds are made with the front of the tongue and the hard palate

[j]

8.VELAR软腭音

Velars are made with the back of the tongue and the soft palate

[k,g,ŋ]

9.UVULAR小舌音

Uvulars are made with the back of tongue and the uvula.

"r"in french [ʁ]

10.PHARYNGEAL咽音

Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue and the walls of pharynx.

[ħ，ʕ]

11.GLOTTAL声门音

Glottal sounds are made with the two pieces of vocal folds pushed towards each other

glottal fricative

[h] in "hat"."hold"

glottal stop 

[ʔ] in "fatten"[t]

vowels

definition:In the production of vowel sounds , the articulators do not come very close together,and the passinf of airstream is relatively unobstructed"

As vowels do not involve the obstrcution of the airstream ,they cannot be described in the same way as the consonants as to how and where the obstruction is made.In fact ,the production of vowels only has to do with the position of the tongue. To determine such positions, a system of cardinal vowels has beensuggested, as exhibited by the vowel diagram in the IPAchart.

The cardinal vowels

definition:the cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined,fixed and  unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.

frame dimensions

1.The front ,center, and back of the tongue are distinguished, 

2.There are four levels of tongue height

high or close

the highest position the tongue can achieve without producing audible friction

low or open

the lowest position the tongue can achieve

mid-high or open-mid

mid-low or close-mid

cv1[i]  cv2[e] cv3[ɛ]  cv4[a]  cv5[ɑ]  cv6[ɔ]  cv7[o]   cv8[u]  cv9[y]  cv10[ø]  cv11[œ]  cv12[Œ]  cv13[ɒ]  cv14[ʌ]  cv15[ɤ], cv16[ɯ]  vowels which have tongue-positions halfway between [i]and [u] are represented as [ɨ] [ʉ]

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phonology

definition:Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages,aiming to "discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur."